<小特集 スーフィズム・タリーカ・聖者信仰複合現象の解明に向けて>タリーカ研究の課題と方向性 --実践コミュニティから見るスーフィズムと集団--

Abstract

This paper attempts to summarize the major problems surrounding the concept of ṭarīqa and to propose a framework for analyzing contemporary ṭarīqas (or similar groups). Prior to proposing an analytical framework for ṭarīqa, the author examines the difficulties relating to the concept from three points of view: its representativeness, translation, and range. With regard to the privileged usage of the original Arabic term, there are problems relating to its dissimilarity with non-Arabic terms, discussing groups that do not call themselves ṭarīqa but are engaged in activities derived from Sufism, and bridging the gap between self-identification and other names. With regard to translation, the author has pointed out the problems inherent in the term Sufi “order” and the bias in research brought about by this translation. In addition, ṭarīqa has various features, depending on the time and place, which leads to confusion if the scope of the term is not limited. There is also the issue of whether to limit the research to ṭarīqa members or to take into account the participation of non-members. This paper also presents a current perspective on ṭarīqa as a place where Sufi thoughts and practices emerge and develop through the participation and cooperation of Sufi shaykhs and their disciples. Finally, the author introduces the concept of “Communities of Practice, ” proposed by J. Lave and E. Wenger, in order to discuss ṭarīqas and their similar groups in a more general framework, encouraging attention to the aspects of “legitimate peripheral participation, ” the transformation of members’ identities based on their participation, and the acquisition and transmission of Sufi knowledges and practices through collaboration with diverse participants in Sufi communities of practice.