<サーヴェイ論文>構成的存在論 : 普遍者の束理論と基体説の現在地

Abstract

In general, there are two major and representative metaphysical views classified as constitutive ontology according to which every particular object has abstract properties as their constituents in some sense. One is the bundle theory of universals, which argues that every particular object is merely a bundle whose constituents are universals. The other is the substratum theory, which argues that the constituents include not only universals but also substratum. The purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate recent developments in the bundle theory of universals and substratum theory. In Section 1 we sketch out what constitutive ontology is like in contrast to relational ontology by focusing on the instantiation relation obtaining between objects and properties. In Section 2 we address two questions posed to constituent ontology in general, one based on a category mistake and the other using the definition of composition, and see how it is possible to respond to them. After an outline of the basics of the bundle theory and substratum theory in Section 3, Section 4 examines some recent bundle theories including the instance view, the mereological bundle theory, and the view that resorts to weak discernibility in terms of Black’s universe. Then, in Section 5, by focusing on the question of whether substratum instantiates universals, we examine recent substratum theories, especially the view that posits two kinds of property instantiation and the view that identifies substratum as a particular object or spacetime region. Through these discussions, we consider the current ontological/ideological depth of constituent ontology.