自然的秩序と目的論的秩序 : カント目的論の構造と批判

Abstract

In Kant's philosophy the grounds of knowledge, moral, and art are sought by critiques of Reason, in which Reason goes to the bottom of its own inwardness, and whereby it secures its own autonomy. Kant's teleology, which is divided into two parts, bases itself on the conclusions of his First and Second Critiques, and shows at a high level such a unique genealogy of Reason. Natural teleology, being mediated by the autonomous theoretical reflexive judgement, begins with a regulation of the accidents and ends in a symbolization of the noumenon. Moral teleology, which is mediated by the autonomous practical judgement, has a scheme to actualize the final purposes as the realization of our inward duties in external nature. It presupposes the "superiority of the practical Reason" and purports to unify nature and moral in the sphere of practice. This idealistic assertion of Reason, having such a perspective, suggests that Reason may absorb both God and nature as moments of its selfrealization, so may come to conclude the self-sufficiency of Reason in the world. In such a case, however, Reason would become aware of its solitude and hence its uncertainty, which will bring its own collapse and destruction. I think that the crisis of our modern age reveals clearly enough this situation of the autonomous reason. With a view to the future of the spiritual world, in the midst of such a situation, I can not help asserting to be able to find a new way to autonomy in the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination and common grace, which points to a dimension that can only be reached by a conversion to "theonomy" --through the heteronomy of depending on the order of grace-- and is entirely different from Kant's autonomous Reason.