力学における決定論と意識の自由について : 情報構造としての意識

Abstract

Mechanics, the classical mechanics, the theory of relativity and even the quantum mechanics, have provided a deterministic picture of the cosmos. The freedom of human will conflicts with the determinism. It has been a difficult problem in philosophy that men with free will exist in the deterministic cosmos. In this paper, it is shown that the deterministic character of the mechanics comes from observations on the ensemble close to isolated system, in the stationary state. Most of the Newton equations of motion and the Schrödinger equations are the linear differential equations which have the unique solutions of determinism. The uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics cannot be a basis of the freedom of will because the uncertainty is limited inside the range of h, the Planck constant. The linear equations are originated from the potential of force, which means the energy conservation. The energy conserving system is isolated. The theory of observation in quantum mechanics (Neumann) showed that the consciousness of observer makes the pure state and decreases the entropy of the observed system. The author showed the same matter in the classical mechanics; the observation in the classical mechanics makes the observed system isolated one or minimum entropy producing system, and decreases the entropy. This manner of observation gives the maximum information of the system, I (in bits), as I=(Smax-S) /kln2 where Smax is the possible maximum entropy of the system, S the reduced entropy and k the Boltzmann constant. The consciousness of observer selects the manner of the observation, which is the work done on the observed system. The dissipative structure by Prigogine means that all ordered structures are originated from the reduced entropy, S, by energy dissipation. The system with the maximum entropy, Smax, is in the equilibrium. The system far from the equilibrium which has the large value of Smax - S has the structure. Such a system far from the equilibrium is described by a non-linear equation and is non-deterministic. However, the whole universe cannot have the energy dissipation. Instead of the dissipation, the expansion of the universe with light velocity increases the maximum entropy, increases the information contents and makes the structure. Thence, the ordered structures in the universe are tentatively named informational structure. The living organisms and the human consciousness are the informational structures in the universe. The universe is non-deterministic. The consciousness has freedom in the non-deterministic universe.