インドにおける哲学誌の成立とパースペクティヴィズム

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to discuss how philosophers in ancient India recognized their own modes of thinking about things by themselves self-consciously, and how they estimated such self-reflexive attitudes of themselves. As is well known, Aristotle talked about the first philosophers in his Metaphysics. When he talked about "those who first formed the systems of philosophy, " he made reference retrospectively to the beginning of philosophy among the Greeks, but he might be simultaneously aware that it was when philosophy just began as a science. Therefore, we will be allowed to say that philosophy itself, intimately related to the consciousness of the beginning, could be a peculiarity of the Greeks. But, if "philosophy" as such is considered as a characteristic method of self-understanding of the Greeks, it will be possible to consider a traditional Indian attitude of self-understanding as being "philosophical". This attitude is obviously reflected in Indian doxographic literature. The doxographie is a kind of historiography of philosophy, typical one of which is shown in the first book of the Metaphysics of Aristotle, in European context. The traditional Indian "doxographie, " however, summarizes and classifies various philosophical doctrines of some schools or systems from the relative perspectives, without any concern for the chronology of them. And most of these doxographies use the Sanskrit word darśana in their title, for example, the best known two texts : Haribhadra's Saddarśanasamuccya (eighth century) and Mādhava's Sarvadarśanasamgraha (fourteenth century). The word darśana is used, here in the title of these texts, to designate "philosophical doctrines, " and it means "view" in the general usage of the word. But it is important to note, as Halbfass exactly pointed, that the Jainas and Vedāntins who produced most of the doxographic literature tend to use the word darśana in a neutral, non-committal sense. This attitude of neutrality is remarkable in the traditional Jaina perspectivism. Mallavādin (sixth century), one of the most important Jaina philosophers in its early history, systematizes the traditional Jaina perspectivism in his Dvādaśāranayacakra. I have attempted to elucidate the structure of the perspectivism by the analysis of the text, and discussed the meaning of neutrality in Jainism.