福建省興化地域社會と結社、キリスト敎、阿片 --民國初期の黃濂の亂に着目して--

Abstract

After the culmination of the 1911 Revolution in the early Republican Period, a rebellion led by Huang Lian broke out in the Xinghua 興化 region of Fujian Province. At first, this rebellion opposed the heavy taxation and regulation of poppy cultivation which, at the time, functioned as an indispensable source of income for the local peasant population. The rebellion then moved on to target and attack churches and Christians affiliated with the American Methodist Mission. The revolt has garnered the high praise of Marxist Chinese scholars, who have tended to see it as a mass anti-imperialist and anti-foreign religion movement. However, the Methodist mission was making efforts to regulate poppy production in cooperation with the government at the time. If such was the case, why did the revolt target Methodist churches? This paper will investigate the anti-church movement led by Huang Lian in connection with the Xinghua region's historical background and socio-economic situation to understand the underlying reasons for this. This paper will also clarify the social background of the Black and White Banners, a secret society who gave Huang Lian their full support in his revolt efforts. From 1912 to 1913, Huang Lian's corps continued to engage in military action across the Xinghua region, clashing multiple times with the regular Chinese army. The so-called Black and White Banners, a secret society which had been in operation across the Xinghua region since the late Qing period, backed these military campaigns. This article will thus clarify the organization's social background in relation to historical scenes of strife in the Xinghua region where multiple feuds occurred between different lineage and villages. In order to achieve the objectives mentioned above, this paper makes use of American, Chinese and Japanese diplomatic documents, American Methodist Mission papers, regional literature, and data collected through oral history methods by this author in Fujian province.