<論文>文化財制度と近代ツーリズム --戦前期における京都と奈良の観光と文化財鑑賞--

Abstract

本稿の目的は，文化財制度による国民統合論を批判的に検証し，文化財鑑賞の普及・定着経緯を検証する上でツーリズムに着目する意義を提示することである。これまでの文化財制度による国民統合論を前提とする議論では，社寺宝物や建築を見学・鑑賞する文化財鑑賞は，教育や博物館を通じて早々に普及・定着したと解釈されてきた。本稿では，こうした解釈を修正するとともに，これまで検証のなかったツーリズムという実践面を論じた。まず1章では，文化財制度と国民統合の議論を近年の研究をもとに再検討した。この結果，制度設計時の意図と実現に至る経緯には隔たりがあり，制度整備の直後から国民統合の役割を果たしたとは考えにくいことが確認された。2章では，文化財制度の機能を検討するにあたりツーリズムに注目する意義を整理した。ここでは社寺の宝物や建物を美術として見学・鑑賞する慣習や，文化財に指定された宝物を伝統文化とする認識の形成を，思想面と政策面のみから検証することに限界があることを提示した。3章では，京都と奈良へのツーリズムの拡大が文化財鑑賞を広める役割を果たしたか，複数の統計をもとに検証した。その結果，京都と奈良へのツーリズムの拡大が，必ずしも文化財鑑賞の普及を意味しなかったことが明らかとなった。4章では，戦前までの修学旅行が文化財鑑賞の普及に果たした役割を検討した。これまで文化財制度の機能と観光客や修学旅行の往来に注目した研究は少なく，戦前においても「京都や奈良への観光=文化財鑑賞」という暗黙の了解があったと言える。しかし，社寺宝物を美術品として明治期から展示する京都と奈良の帝室博物館は，観光客の増加に応じて来館者を顕著に増やすことはなく，観光客の増加によって普及したのは，近代交通機関を使った名所めぐりや，鉄道会社が提案した名所や娯楽施設の訪問だったと言えるだろう。

The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the theory of national integration through the institution of cultural properties and to present the significance of focusing on tourism in analyzing the historical formation of the custom concerning the appreciation of cultural properties. In previous discussions in Japan, the custom of viewing cultural properties, in which people visit and appreciate the treasures and architecture of shrines and temples, has been interpreted as having been created as a result of the government’s education and museum policies. This paper corrects this commonly held interpretation and discusses the practical aspect of tourism, which has not been examined in the past. In Chapter 1, we modify theories of national integration and the institution of cultural properties based on recent historical research. Results confirm a gap between the institutional design and its realization and show that the institution cannot be considered to have played a role in national integration immediately. Chapter 2 summarizes the significance of focusing on tourism in examining the functions of the institution of cultural properties. It presents the difficulty of examining the formation of the perception of treasures designated as cultural properties as traditional culture from only the perspectives of ideology and policy. In Chapter 3, we examine whether the expansion of tourism to Kyoto and Nara has played a role in promoting the appreciation of cultural properties based on multiple statistics. Chapter 4 examines the relationship between school trips to Kyoto and Nara and the spread of cultural property appreciation before World War II. Despite the fact that few studies have focused on the function of the cultural property system and the traffic of tourists and school excursions, it can be said that even before World War II, there was an implicit understanding that tourism to Kyoto and Nara was undertaken for the purpose of appreciating cultural properties. However, the Imperial Household Museums in Kyoto and Nara, which have exhibited treasures of shrines and temples as works of art since the Meiji period, did not noticeably attract visitors as the number of tourists to Kyoto and Nara increased. Prewar tourists did not appreciate cultural properties as traditional culture but visited various famous sites in both regions for entertainment. This paper presents the limitations of interpreting the cultural heritage system as a politically created tradition.