Shear wave velocity estimation in the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh by HVSR analysis: implications for engineering bedrock depth

Abstract

The S-wave velocity (VS) in the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh has not been resolved from the ground surface to an intermediate depth in a regional context despite its importance for seismic hazard and risk evaluation. For this reason, we estimated VS profiles beneath 19 seismic stations in Bangladesh to a depth approximately 2800 m by employing full horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) curve inversion under the diffuse field theory for the noise wavefield. The seismic stations are concentrated in three tectonic zones within the basin: the Surma basin (SB, Zone 1), Bengal Foredeep (BF, Zone 2), and Chittagong Tripura Fold Belt (CTFB, Zone 3). Full HVSR analysis (from 0.2 to 10 Hz) allowed us to obtain deep profiles with combined insights from shallow geotechnical boreholes and deep P-wave velocity (VP) information from active seismic surveys. From the resultant VS profiles, engineering bedrock (VS > 760 m/s) depths were also identified throughout the study area for the first time. The VS profiles within the Holocene to Miocene sedimentary sequences showed rapid variations from location to location. This is due to the highly variable near-surface geology caused by the dense and complex river network and tectonic deformation in Bangladesh. Except for three stations, the engineering bedrock depth exceeded 30 m at all stations. These results indicate the existence of deep soft soil in the study area, where VS³⁰ based site characterization is inappropriate. Furthermore, seismic site response was estimated at a station (DHAK) by simulating a subduction zone earthquake. The resulting response spectrum (RS) exhibited ground motion amplification over a longer period, suggesting that multistory buildings at the site may be at risk if subjected to large earthquakes. The outcomes of this study can serve as useful guidelines for seismic risk reduction planning in Bangladesh.