唐末五代變革期の幽州盧龍軍節度使 --沙陀・契丹との關係から--

Abstract

In recent years, the period of transition from the Tang to the Song dynasties in China has received increased attention from scholars. This period --sometimes referred to as the “Era of Tang-Song Reform”-- is now being considered not only from the perspective of Chinese history, but also from the perspective of continental Asian history. In particular, there has been a remarkable expansion of research into the rise of Shatuo-Khitan 沙陀/契丹 power, which came to prominence in the tenth century. I note that the Shatuo-Khitan have been classified as “Central Eurasian-style States, ” with their origins in the An Lushan Rebellion of the mid-eighth century. Exemplifying the connection between such “Central Eurasian-style States” and the An Lushan rebellion were the forces of the “Fanzhen” (lit. “buffer towns”) ; in particular, the so-called “Three Fanzhen of Hebei” 河朔三鎭, which had their origin in the An-Shi army. As it happens, almost no investigation has been conducted into the kinds of political and military relationships that existed between the early Shatuo-Khitan and the “Three Fanzhen of Hebei” during the period spanning the fall of the Tang dynasty and the early days of the Five Dynasties era. In this paper, therefore, I will focus on the legates (a kind of military commissioner known as a Jiedushi 節度使) of You Prefecture (Youzhou幽州). Within the “Three Fanzhen of Hebei, ” it was these legates who had the closest contact with the Shatuo-Khitan. By examining the historical role performed by the You Prefecture legates during the tumultuous era of the fall of the Tang and the rise of the Five Dynasties, I have attempted to clarify, via concrete examples, the process by which “Central Eurasian-style States” emerged out of the An Lushan Rebellion. I also shed light on two features of this period: Firstly, following the Huang Chao Rebellion, the You Prefecture legates expanded their power in practically the same manner as the forces of the Shatuo in Shanxi. Secondly, the You Prefecture legates also secured an accord with the Khitan with respect to the issue of their border regions. However, the accord between the You Prefecture legates and the Khitan was less comprehensive than the Treaty of Yun-zhong 雲中會盟 signed between the Shatuo and the Khitan, and the Lulong 盧龍 legates were unable to secure the support of the Khitan. The Lulong legates worked to repair the damage caused by their blunder of neglecting the alliance, and soon made rapid progress. In this sense, the Lulong legates can be thought of as akin to an archetype of the Shatuo dynasty. In short, the Lulong legates were an indispensable prelude to the development of the Shatuo and the Khitan into “Central Eurasian-style States.”