『イーリアス』9 歌におけるディオメーデース像 --アキレウスとの対照性--

Abstract

Diomedes is one of the most distinguished figures in the Iliad, but his role in the story of Achilles' wrath has received little scholarly attention. This paper examines the role of Diomedes in Book 9, specifically exploring the contrast between him and Achilles, the former entrenched within Greek society at Troy and the latter positioned outside it. Achilles in Book 1, deprived of his honor (τιμή) because he rejected Agamemnon's authority, refused to fight for his community. In contrast, Diomedes, as depicted in Book 4, despite facing a similar affront to his honor (τιμή) by Agamemnon, acknowledges the king's authority and engages in battle. This marked difference sets Diomedes apart from Achilles as he pursues glory (κῦδος) both on the battlefield and in the assembly (ἀγορή), a contrast that unfolds prominently in Book 9. In Book 9, Diomedes' initial address further accentuates the divergence between these two heroes. His words at 9.46-49 echo Achilles' sentiments at 16.97-100; however, Diomedes delivers his speech within the assembly (ἀγορή), where acclaim is earned (κυδιάνειρα), garnering praise from all Greeks. In contrast, Achilles expresses his desire for absolute glory solely to Patroclus. Rejecting Agamemnon's material offerings and societal norms in Book 9, Achilles speaks of acquiring “imperishable fame” (κλέος ἄφθιτον) in exchange for his life. This contrasts with Diomedes' “good fame” (κλέος ἐσθλόν) achieved in Book 5. While Diomedes' renown is rooted in battlefield prowess and tangible spoils, Achilles' legacy includes his act of reconciliation with Priam, transcending the society of the poem and offering solace to future generations. The narrative's exploration of insider-outsider dynamics culminates in Diomedes' second speech, as Greek leaders' unanimous agreement with Diomedes isolates Achilles from society. Despite Diomedes' accolades, he faces injury at the hands of Paris the following day, underscoring the fragile nature of heroism within this warrior society and ultimately leading to Achilles' return to battle.