<論説>清代モンゴルにおける監獄(未決監)の実態 --一九世紀末の庫倫辦事大臣衙門監獄を事例として--

Abstract

清代モンゴルの監獄に関しては従来から全く研究が無いため、本稿でフレー(現ウランバートル市)監獄の所在地とその管理状況を解明した。探検(滞在)記、ロシア製実測地図、当時の写真や絵図等から見て、一九世紀末におけるフレー市街の南東部郊外に重罪犯向けの庫倫辦事大臣衙門監獄が有ったことは確実である。二重の木柵で囲まれていて、本体部分には屋根のない監獄であった。光緒五(一八七九)年に強盗殺人犯オドセルがここから脱獄したが、同時期の記録を見ると、看守三名が収監者の手枷・足枷・柵と、出入り口・木製箱形独房の施錠とを毎日確認・記録するなど厳重に管理されていた。しかし、光緒一一(一八八五)年にも収監者三名が脱獄に成功し、看守二名と巡視兵七名が処罰された。脱獄者は木製箱形独房と監獄の出入り口との両方の錠前を夜間破壊し、鉄製の手枷・足枷も外したり壊したりしていた。「堅固で深い」と呼ばれる監獄ではあったが、実際には部外者も出入りでき、壊せる程度の錠前しか備えていなかったため、結論としては管理の甘い監獄であったと言わざるを得ない。

In this paper, I clarify the location and the administration of a prison in Küriy-e 庫倫 (present-day Ulan-bator) in late 19ᵗʰ century Mongolia because research has not been done on prisons in Mongolia during the Qing period. I first examined accounts of expeditions and photographs recorded by foreigners A. Pozdneef, O. Mamen, Ch. Andrews and K. Oshima. I also examined a map surveyed by the Russian government, and maps drawn by contemporary Mongolian painters like Balγan and Jˇügder. As the result of this research, I determined that the office of the Manchu Grand Minister Superintendent of Küriy-e 庫倫辦事大臣 and a prison were located in the southeastern suburbs of the city. This prison was located near the Serbe river and southwestern side of the Russian Inn (present-day Kenpinski Hotel). This was a house of detention for felons. It appears that the office of the Mongolian Grand Minister and a house of detention for minor criminals were found in the southern suburbs of the city. In northern suburbs of the city there was also a house of detention for minor criminals of the yeke šabi who were the subjects of the Boγd gegegen, the Great Transmigrating Lama. The prison for felons was surrounded by the double wooden fences and the top of wooden columns of the inner fence were sharpened like stakes to prevent prison breaks. It was a very severe environment in winter because the main section had no roof. There was a space about ten feet square inside the main section of the prison and locked wooden boxes were piled up there as prison cells. Although Odser, a Mongolian burglar and murderer, escaped from this prison in 1879, we can observe from the records kept in the Mongolian National Central Archives of the prison’s operation in those days that three prison guards recorded their own names every day after checking the handcuffs, leg irons of the confined persons, as well as fences, locks on the gate and prison cells. This prison thus seems to have been tightly controlled. Nevertheless, three prisoners Tümen, Damdin and Babugarbu broke out of this prison and fled to the grassland north of the city in 1885. Two guards and seven soldiers who oversaw the prisoners were held responsible and punished. The three escapees broke the two locks of the prison cells and the gate of the prison and removed or broke their handcuffs and leg irons during the night. Although the Küriy-e prison was called “hard and deep, ” we must conclude that it was rather loosely run because outsiders could enter almost freely, and it had simple locks that prisoners could easily break.