長沙における居民管理制度の變遷 --漢から三國吳までの里--

Abstract

Using the bamboo and wooden slips from the Eastern Han found at Wuyi Square and those from Wu-era found at Zoumalou in Changsha, Hunan Province as primary sources, this article examines how the system for managing people living in a li 里 that is found in the Qin-Han Codes 秦漢律 changed to a double management system that was implemented on the basis of geographical and artificial units. One factor underlying this change was that the li had ceased to function as a place of residence. According to the principles of the Qin-Han Codes, the li were units in which people were registered and the districts in which they lived. The residential areas were surrounded by walls, and people were made to live within them. This enabled centralized management, making it possible for the authorities to identify individuals with accuracy. Therefore, the li were an effective means to determine a person's public identity. However, during the middle of the Eastern Han period in Linxiang xian 臨湘縣, Changsha, the system of assigning individuals to a particular li remained even though the li had ceased to function as places of residence for many people. This led to a separation of people's actual place of residence from their place of registration. Except for a handful of li that continued to function as actual places of residence, most li simply came to represent places of registration. As a result of this separation, li gradually lost their function as representations of public identity ; by the Three Kingdoms period, it had become a common practice to identify people by the qiu 丘 or yixia 邑下 they lived in. According to Qin and Western Han principles, administrators of li were responsible for a vast array of tasks as intermediaries between the government and li residents, including monitoring the situation of residents, levying taxes, and imposing statute labor. The Eastern Han slips found at Wuyi Square show that this remained the case in Changsha during the mid-Eastern Han. However, the Zoumalou slips show that by the Three Kingdoms period, Changsha had a double management system consisting of geographical management units alongside the li that had become artificial units for registration, and management tasks previously conducted on the basis of the li were now conducted across multiple units. Furthermore, li located in the same province were organized so that the number of households responsible for statute labor were similar across each li. Even after li began to be organized on the basis of the number of households, there was still the need to identify people by their place of residence. Therefore, management based on geographical units was still practiced. The authorities therefore focused on identifying and managing individuals by their place of residence.