米・臺の機密文書からみる中國内戰へのソ聯の軍事介入 --四平街會戰の前後を中心として--

Abstract

The defeat of Japan in World War II triggered a renewal of the civil war in China. With the support from the U. S., the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP) tried to recover the vast territory that had been occupied by the Japanese during the war. This task, however, proved extremely difficult since the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was also eager to recapture those lost territories. In the spring of 1946, the two parties clashed over dominance of Northeastern China. The city of Sipingjie, which was an important railroad junction, became the first major battlefield in the region. There, the Communist forces, which had occupied the city in March, held off the Nationalist forces for over a month. The fact that the Communist forces, which until 1945 had usually employed small-scale guerilla tactics, prepared a formidable defense system that inflicted heavy damage on the Nationalist forces equipped with American weapons could be considered an astonishing military achievement. How was this possible? By using recently declassified documents found in Taiwan and in the U. S., this paper reveals that various aspects of Soviet military commitment, which began at an early stage of the civil war, enabled the CCP's rapid military buildup in 1946. This paper introduces and analyzes various aspects of Soviet intervention in the Chinese Civil War that are recorded in these documents. In doing so, I used CNP documents that have only recently become available and CCP documents that had been used in previous research to corroborate the newly declassified documents. As a result, I turned my attention to formerly classified U. S. documents (chiefly from the Army and State Department) dealing with the political and military situation in China at the time and tested the reliability of CNP records on Soviet military intervention. The goal of this paper is to deduce the chief cause that made the rapid increase in CCP military power possible and determined the outcome of the military conflict across the country through an analysis of CNP and U. S. records that have not received much attention in previous studies which have chiefly focused on records from the Communist side.