<論文>マルクス『経済学批判要綱』における資本の生成の歴史と弁証法 --「貨幣の資本への転化」を中心に--

Abstract

This study reinterprets the theory of the transformation of money into capital to examine how the history and dialectics of the genesis of capital interrelate in Marx's Grundrisse. Marx's theory of the genesis of capitalism has often been understood through the lens of so-called historical materialism, which is often construed as a universal law of history, leading to a unilinear view. Furthermore, this interpretation relates to whether the transformation of money into capital occurs in a dialectical manner. However, in Marx's view, the genesis of capital, in fact, progressed through a complex historical process. In Grundrisse, although Marx presents the categorial transition of money into capital in dialectical terms, this transition is only possible when certain historical conditions of society-which the capitalist mode of production requires but does not itself produce-are assumed to be in place. The dialectical method of Marx's critique of political economy is highly specific: it is not unconditionally universal but is socio-historically determined. Therefore, the sequence of categories in Marx's presentation does not directly correspond with that of the historical genesis. Nevertheless, the argument for categorial development highlights the point at which historical considerations become relevant. Marx could offer a dynamic and multilinear explanation of the historical emergence of capitalism, but this was possible only because he thoroughly studied and provided a logical explanation of the structure of the concept of capital, which attains full determinations only in the context of modern capitalist society. By clarifying these points in the reading of Grundrisse, we identify the unique nature of Marx's method of critique. He achieved critical insight into the historical specificity of capitalist society precisely through the method of critical dialectics. This is most evident in his analysis of the conceptual and historical genesis of capital.