<論文>古代ユダヤ教において「信仰」は人々に何をもたらしたのか --『アンチクリスト』に見られるニーチェの視点から--

Abstract

In this paper, I aim to demonstrate what “belief” brought in ancient Judaism from Nietzsche's The Antichrist (1888). In this analysis, it is necessary to consider Judaism as the basis of Christianity because I believe that interpreting Judaism as the origin of Christianity is key to understanding Nietzsche's critique. As he often referred to belief in his work, this concept can be used to clarify his thoughts on religion. I focus on sections 15 to 18 and 24 to 28 of The Antichrist, which primarily discuss ancient Judaism. In addition, I will refer to On the Genealogy of Morals (1887) and his posthumous writings (especially from 1887 to 1888). As it is challenging to understand Nietzsche's philosophy solely from his work, I also focus on Wellhausen's arguments, whose interpretation of the Bible influenced Nietzsche. This paper proceeds as follows: First, Section 1 describes how, as understood from The Antichrist, ancient Judaism is divided into `biblical Judaism' and `priestly Judaism', primarily due to the crisis of ethnic preservation caused by the Babylonian captivity, with Nietzsche's evaluation changing accordingly. I particularly focus on the relationship between God and humans in Judaism. Next, in Section 2, I consider the problem of values arising from this change and the idea of `God' that grounds those values through belief. Then, in Section 3, I examine Nietzsche's perspective on `belief' in ancient Judaism based on these considerations. I argue that `belief' allowed people to find natural grace in this world during the biblical period of ancient Judaism. However, during the priestly period, it was believed that grace, deprived of naturalness, would manifest in the other world. Nevertheless, a belief that removed its importance from this world was a denial of life, which Nietzsche strongly criticized.