<論文>ホージャ・イスハークの中央アジア巡歴の諸相 --16世紀後半のタリム盆地を中心に--

Abstract

Khwāja Isḥāq (d. 1599), son of the famous Naqshbandiyya master Makhdūm-i Aʻẓam (Aḥmad Kāsānī, d. 1542), is the eponym of the saintly lineage of Isḥāqiyya of the so-called Kashghar Khwaja family. Khwāja Isḥāq and his descendants, as religious aristocrats, greatly influenced the history of early modern Eastern Turkistan. Khwāja Isḥāq left Samarqand at the end of the 16th century and entered Kashghar via the Ferghana Basin at the invitation of ʻAbd al-Karīm Khan, the sovereign of Yarkand Khanate, and his brother Ṣūfī Sulṭān. He visited the oases of Kashghar, Yarkand, Khotan, Chira, Aksu, and Kucha before finally returning to Samarkand. He is said to have stayed in the Tarim Basin for 12 years. However, this long trip to the Tarim Basin was not Khwāja Isḥāq's first itineration. Earlier he started from Samarqand, stayed in Balkh around 1567, moved to Hisar around the same time, and returned to Samarqand by 1572. Notably, he set out for Balkh from the village of Isfīdūk, in the northern suburbs of Samarqand, suggesting that Isfīdūk, later his burial place, was already the base of his activities by around 1567. This study analyzes the history of Khwāja Isḥāq's itineration and examines the actual conditions of his religious activities, especially in the various oases of the Tarim Basin, and the specific situations in which he faced religious and political powers. Although it is challenging to evaluate the results of Khwāja Isḥāq's missionary activities in the Tarim Basin in general, their true value should be recognized in the wide range of places he visited. The main historical sources of this study are biographies of the saints of Khwāja Isḥāq (Muḥammad ʻIwaḍ/ ʻAwaḍ, Ḍiyā' al-qulūb), Sufis of Isḥāqiyya (Shāh Maḥmūd b. Mīrzā Fāḍil Churās, Anīs al-ṭālibīn), and the history book of the Yarkand Khanate (Shāh Maḥmūd b. Mīrzā Fāḍil Churās, Tārīkh).