戰國秦漢期の交通路管理

Abstract

This paper examines the management of transportation routes spanning the Warring States, Qin, and Han periods in terms of road maintenance and accommodation facilities, especially zhuanshe 傳舍. First, based on the descriptions in the Zhouli 周禮 and the Guoyu 國語, I point out that road maintenance and the management of transportation hubs, including lodging facilities, were the main aims of transportation route management. Section 1 outlines the management of transportation routes during the Qin-Han period, based mainly on previous studies. In Qin-Han legal texts, road maintenance was based on the concept of shiling 時令, but it was more flexible and responsive to actual conditions. In the Qin Dynasty, road maintenance was the responsibility of government officials, and in the Han Dynasty, it was especially the duty of local administrative governors, and the maintenance of transportation infrastructure was one of the responsibilities of public authorities. In addition, roads were classified into two categories : those that benefited the public (黔首) and those that were maintained for the government. Section 2 discusses the maintenance of roads and the wide variety of road types. On the basis of the Liye Qin Slips 里耶秦鯵, I point out that these bamboo slips show the actual maintenance of roads could not be carried out sufficiently, and that priority was given to the maintenance of centers of human livelihood and food production. I also point out that road construction was understood as having a magical effect bringing about good fortune. Furthermore, I state that since there are few examples of road maintenance in the northwestern region of the Han Dynasty, the Qin-Han period probably placed more emphasis on the development of central hubs rather than on the development of roads. Section 3 discusses accommodation facilities, confirming the existence of various types of facilities and examining the accommodations of officials. I point out that the zhuanshe already functioned in the Qin Dynasty to aid officials in carrying out their duties, and that they were transformed into facilities installed at the xian 縣 level during the Han Dynasty. I also point out that the system of meals and lodging in the zhuanshe performed as an aspect of control over the movement of officials to a certain degree. This paper shows that transportation route management spanning the Warring States, Qin, and Han periods was probably based on points rather than lines. The maintenance of transportation routes through road maintenance and facility management assisted in the conduct of business within the empire and it also had the character of controlling the movement of people.