嘉隆均田例の分析

Abstract

The process by which State-owned rice fields of the 15th century became communal land by the 19th century is analyzed based on an examination of the text of Gia long quan cap quan dien phap or the Land Distribution Regulation of 1804. Part I. In the early 19th century, holdings of cong dien, or Statc-owned rice fields, in the Red River delta varied between villages. For example, some villages had no cong dien, while in others all the ricefields were cong dien. In the 19th century, the transfer system of cong dien, which had been prohibited in the 15th century, became wider-spread throughout the delta villages. Furthermore, the central government could not control the peasant society because it could not make accurate land rolls and registers, and because the number of peasants who abandoned their legal residence increased sharply. Thus, it is doubtful whether the Land Distribution Regulation of 1804 was put into effect. Part II. The Hong Du'c and Vinh thanh Regulations had included many detailed acts concerning the distributors of cong dien, the governors and tax collectors. But the Gia Long Regulation included no such acts. The former regulations i. e. Hong Du'c and Vinh thanh had divided all villages into two types, cong dien xa and tu' dien xa, but in the Gia Long Regulation this distinction was not drawn. This indicates that the Gia Long was a nominal regulation which was ineffective in controlling the distribution of cong dien. Part III. Central and provincial government officials and soldiers are divided into 18 grades, and the number in each grade is multiplied by the allotment of cong dien for that grade to give the total allotment for each grade. These are very small compared with the total cong dien possessed by the numerically superior peasants. The regulation was effective only in that it defined a social hierarchy in which the officials and soldiers were distinguished from peasants by their greater individual allotment of cong dien. Part IV. The distribution of cong dien to peasants under this Regulation is analyzed, cong dien was distributed according to the capitation tax roll. This system aimed at bringing the social order of villagers under central government control. In conclusion, it appears that by this Regulation the Central Government aimed at introducing national order into the villages. L'Ecole Francais d'Extreme Orient is acknowledged with thanks for authorizing the use of its invaluable manuscripts in the form of microfilms, which are now preserved in the Toyo Bunko.