「人民主義」をめぐって : チプト・マングンクスモvs.スタットモ・スリヨクスモ

Abstract

The late 1910s and the early 1920s saw the unprecedented rise of rakjat radicalism in Java. At this time, the Javanese intellectuals confronted the problems of what rakjat radicalism essentially meant and how they should face up to and live in the time of Kerakjatan (populism). Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, a leading proponent of Indies nationalism, and Soetatmo Soeriokoesoemo, a leader of Javanese nationalism, addressed these questions and formulated diametrically opposed ideas of Kerakjatan. Soetatmo saw chaos in the rise of rakjat radicalism and proposed the reconstruction (wederopbouw) of the Javanese Culture as the only way out of the time of chaos or of madness. The Javanese Culture in effect meant the classic ruling ideology of Javanese kingdoms and the reconstruction meant that of the kaula-gusti (ruler and subjects) relations. Posing as a pandita, he argued that to introduce order into the chaos of Kerakjatan was only possible when the rakjat became the kaula of the pandita-ratu. In contrast, Tjipto saw the end of the time of madness and the dawn of the time of light in the rise of rakjat radicalism. The only thing he need do to revive the will-power of the Javanese was to show the rakjat how a Javanese could live his satria's life in the time of madness, while inheriting the will of Pangeran Dipanegara, because the evolution and liberation of Java would be possible only when the rakjat reincarnated the spirit of the genuine satria through uncompromising struggle against the stifling oppression of the Dutch-prijaji regime.