インドネシアの都市にみる種族結合 : ネットワークと同郷会(<特集>インドネシアの都市人類学)

Abstract

Indonesian cities, especially Jakarta, have variously been characterized as having a polyethnic profile as one of their salient features. It is said that Indonesian cities are "a plural society" (H. Geertz), "a mosaic of ethnic groups" (J. D. Legge), and "a country in a city" (W. Mertens). These characterizations all indicate that Indonesian cities are a microcosm of the country, reflecting the ethnic diversity of Indonesia's population. It seems that one can hardly discuss Indonesian cities without duly taking into consideration the question of ethnicity. Despite such presumption, very little had, for a long time, actually been studied about urban ethnicity in Indonesia. A pioneer in this field of studies is Edward Bruner, who first conducted research among Toba Batak migrants in Medan in 1957-1958, and later in Bandung and Jakarta in 1970. It was only from the late 1970s, twenty years after Bruner's initial research, that other scholars began to take an active interest in this topic. In addition to their works, studies on Indonesian urbanization and migration, which were largely initiated in the early 1970s, sometimes present research findings relevant to the consideration of ethnicity in Indonesian cities. Also available now are a considerable number of M. A. theses completed at the University of Indonesia, which deal with urban ethnicity but hitherto have seldom been referred to by scholars concerned with this topic. In view of this increasing volume of literature touching upon urban ethnicity, it will be useful to review some of its findings, particularly if this can be done within a framework which allows us to relate to each other the various ways in which urban ethnicity is expressed in Indonesia. Examples of urban ethnicity are copious in personal anecdotes and scholarly works; but it remains to be seen how they are interrelated in a meaningful fashion. The present paper is intended to be a first step toward the amelioration of this situation. I propose three forms in which urban ethnicity is expressed in Indonesia : (1) networks of family members, relatives, and people of the same local origin, all of whom generally share an identical ethnic background in Indonesia; (2) quasi-ethnic associations such as kin-based associations (e.g., Javanese trah), clan-based associations (e.g., Toba Batak marga associations), and localitybased associations (e. g., Minangkabau village associations), which all implicitly and sometimes explicitly incorporate ethnicity as a principle of group-formation; and (3) ethnic associations, some examples of which are ethnic dance-and-music groups, ethnic students' unions, ethnic religious organizations, and ethnic political organizations, which utilize ethnicity as a major principle of group-formation and are established by and for unspecified members of an ethnic group, usually for specific purposes. This paper has two limited aims within the scope of the above framework : (1) to review the literature on networks, and (2) to consider locality-based Minangkabau associations, through literature review and through my research in Jakarta in 1980-1981. The Minangkabau case is singled out because it has been relatively well studied; its examination will hopefully reveal how networks and one type of quasi-ethnic association are related. The most extensive literature on networks relates to Jakarta. Research findings show that networks based on kin and commonality of local origin are almost universal among the various ethnic groups in Jakarta, for example, Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Batak, Bugis, Gorontalo, and Madurese. The networks are found to operate in the processes of migration decision-making, rural-urban migration, urban adaption, and rural-urban contacts. Such networks are also mentioned in studies of Bandung, Yogyakarta, Semarang, Ujung Pandang, and Medan. Studies of locality-based Minangkabau associations indicate that they often develop out of pre-existing kin/locality-based networks.