食事の提供・獲得をめぐる社会関係 : インドネシア,西ジャワ州南バンテンの村落から

Abstract

For the people of a village in South Banten, West Java, eating is not confined to the domestic domain but extends widely to the social sphere of the village. In addition to communal feasts, all productive activities and daily relationships provide eating opportunities outside the household, on which not a small part of subsistence is expected to depend. This report describes eating opportunities outside the household and weighs their role in subsistence in terms of rice intake. It then examines the socioeconomic contexts of the relationships involved in eating. More than half of the sample households, particularly those of younger generations, did not obtain enough rice annually for subsistence. Most households, however, met this level by taking every available opportunity to eat both inside and outside the village. This provided 71kg of rice, 31% of the average annual rice intake per consumer unit. Of this, 37.7kg (16%) was obtained inside the village through wage and non-wage labor, attending feasts and daily offerings; 5.7kg (2%) was obtained in neighboring villages when people visited there for harvest labor, to help with feasts, etc.; and 27.5kg (12%) was obtained in urban areas where villagers went to work in the slack season. On the other hand, 42kg of rice was given to people outside of the household per consumer unit, of which 39.1kg went to people from the same village and 2.5kg to people from neighboring villages. The important factors supporting the village's subsistence were the redistribution of rice within the village and seasonal out-migration to urban areas. Though rice exchanged within the village was balanced for the consumer unit, a net flow of rice occurred from older to younger households mainly through the formers' role as supporters of their children and grandchildren in exchange for their labor services, in which woman-centered kin relations played the dominant role. And the data imply that the older households' surplus was made available for the younger households by seasonal out-migration of a large number of men, which had the effect of reducing the consumption pressure inside the village. This combination can be viewed as a set of complementary activities by gender which has continued to construct a hierarchical system under which land exploitation has been controlled just at the subsistence level so that the older generation could maintain their superiority in landholding and labor control.