Education in the Border Areas of Malaysian and Indonesian Borneo/Kalimantan

Abstract

This study is aimed to make clear the dynamics of national education in the border areas of Malaysian and Indonesian Borneo/Kalimantan. By analyzing the activities of primary schools of the area, I extract the vectors of nationalization, localization and internationalization that operate in the primary education. The vector of nationalization can be understood as a force flowing from the national capital and reaching directly to the border villages. The vector of localization arises in the provincial capital and terminates in the border villages. In the border areas the latter can be considered as a secondary flow of the former from the viewpoint of national education. The relationships that span the national border should be considered in terms of localization across the national border rather than the concept of internationalization.