集團社會學に於ける基本概念の一としての封鎖性・開放性

Abstract

The closed social system (Abgeschlossenheit) of a given society or group may be defined in general as " the integrated whole of social traits that bring forth and maintain the closed social situation - the situation in which the coining into and the going out of men and goods in a given society or group arc limited to the maximum degree." This is, in other words, the open social system in its minimum degree. This closed social system may, in the first place, be classified into the following four basic types : 1. the inside closed system (in opposition to going out towards the out-groups); 2. the outside closed system (in which, similarly, mobilities from the inside of a given society or group towards the out-groups are limited by the out-groups: for instance, the " ghetto"); 3. the inside closed system (in opposition to coming in from the out-groups); 4. the outside closed system (in which, similarly, mobilities from the outgroups to the inside of a given society or group are limited by the out-groups: for instance: the " gang "). In the second place, this closed social system can be divided into three types from its durability or succession in time: 1. the permanent closed system, 2. the periodical or seasonal closed system, 3. the temporary closed system. In the third and last place, with special reference to the mode of human mobility, this closed social system may be differentiated into three major types: 1. mobility of members, 2. mobility of known people (not members), 3. mobility of strangers or unknown people. Under this division, hospitality and hotility have been discussed. Throughout the above description, our chief endeavour has been directed to the division of a given society or group into communities and associations according to the group theory of R. M. Maclver, and thus to the classification of the closed social system of each of them.