キルギス語において使役が受動の意味をもつとき

Abstract

This paper examines the syntax and semantics of causative constructions which express a passive sense in the Kyrgyz language, a Turkic language spoken in Kyrgyz Republic. Causative sentences which express a passive sense are classified as follows: A) Causative sentence corresponding to canonical passive construction --causative sentence whose syntactic subject is a direct object of the verb: Al) Syntactic subject undergoes the action involuntarily. A2) Syntactic subject undergoes the action of his/her own volition B) Causative sentence corresponding to indirect passive construction. --causative sentence whose syntactic subject is indirectly affected by the action denoted by the verb: B1) Syntactic subject undergoes the action involuntarily. B2) Syntactic subject undergoes the action with his/her own volition. A)-type causative sentences are formed on the basis of a limited number of verbs, and mostly used in proverbs. On the other hand, B)-type causative sentences appear not only in Kyrgyz, but also in almost all Turkic languages. Addressing the issue of to what extent B)-type causative constructions allow passive interpretations, we have discovered that; (i) the syntactic subject always has a passive role within the "unpleasant" event, (ii) this type of construction is formed on the basis of semantically limited verbs, which originally imply an "unpleasant" event, such as "steal" or "kill", and (iii) the direct object which is affected by the "unpleasant" event is always his/her possession. Furthermore, we consider the semantic/pragmatic properties of causative constructions which express a passive sense from a cross-linguistic perspective.