<特集論文>進むローカル・ガヴァナンスのジェンダー化--ケーララ州のパンチャーヤティ・ラージと女性の政治参加

Abstract

本稿では、インドの「ジェンダーの主流化」で最も注目される女性留保枠導入後の女性の政治・経済参加に関して、1996 年の分権化策導入で先進的な取り組みを示すケーララ州におけるSパンチャーヤトを事例に考察し、女性議員の政治参加と、ジェンダー予算を反映させた近隣主婦グループによる収入創出プログラム・クトゥンバシュリの参加における可能性と課題を明らかにする。女性の政治経済参加が、パンチャーヤト住民の基本的ニーズの充足や弱者の福祉の向上に有意である一方、家庭、地域に加えパンチャーヤトでの三重の責務や家父長的政党構造が制約として示された。さらに予備考察的ではあるが、グジャラート州で開催された「女性法廷」を事例に、女性の政治参加における州間格差と類似の一端を示した。今後、女性、特に主婦のローカル・ガヴァナンスや起業活動へのさらなる参入が予測され、性役割分業を枠付ける公共圏と親密圏の再編が示唆される。

In this paper the author attempts to clarify how far political and economic gender-mainstreaming has been achieved and what remain as problems after the inception of Kerala’s decentralization policy of 1996 along with reservation of 33.3% of elected seats for women. This argument is based on my field research concerning the elected women’s representatives of S Panchayat as well as the participants in the state gender-budgeting and income-generating projects, Kudumbashree. Their participation holds significance for the fulfillment of basic needs as well as the improvement of the wellbeing of the weaker section of society, but their triple burden of home, community and panchayat work, as well as patriarchal party structures obstruct their further commitment. In a preliminarily attempt to show the inter-state similarities and differences on this subject, the author delineates the Women’s Tribunal in Gujarat to indicate the possibilities as well as problems in women’s representatives' political participation at gram panchayats. Finally the author suggests that the expected acceleration of housewives' participation in local governance as well as in income-generating activities may lead to a reconstruction of the division between the public sphere and the intimate sphere, where gender division of labor is prescribed.