ドイモイ期ベトナムにおける少数民族優遇政策と高等教育進学 : 少数民族大学生の属性分析を通じて

Abstract

Several aspects of Vietnamese society and people have changed since the adoption of the Doi Moi policy at the 6th Communist Party National Congress in 1986. It has led to a rapid spread of higher education all over the country, including mountainous regions where many minority people live. Since the beginning of 1990s, The Government of Vietnam and the Ministry of Education and Training have implemented some affirmative action policies to increase the number of minority university students. This paper shows which minority students have gained as a result of these affirmative action policies. In the 1990s, a mass movement towards higher education, which had once been only available for a small number of the elite, suddenly expanded, even to minorities in mountain regions. There were two main reasons why affirmative action for minority students led to higher education. Firstly, the employment allotment system of the Vietnamese government was abolished at the beginning of the Doi Moi period and people were able to choose the career paths they wished for. Secondly, the change of the Vietnamese government’s minority policy aimed to give them a main part in the administrative control in mountainous regions. The findings herein, based on research undertaken at four major universities in Hanoi during 2004 to 2005 indicate that affirmative action brought about two major consequences for minority behavior in relation to higher education. Firstly, affirmative action helped minority children who live in undeveloped remote regions or who are “distant minorities” from the center of national power and offer them opportunities to access university education. In fact, some people have chosen to change their ethnic status in order to gain from the affirmative action policies. On the other hand, students who have a particular ethnic background tend to proceed to universities more easily. This is because affirmative action was not intended to equally expand learning opportunities to “all minorities, ” but was also based on the principle of competition to select and train future elite government officials for the mountainous regions.