明代白蓮教の一考察 : 經濟鬪爭との關連と新しい共同體

Abstract

During Jia-jing 嘉靖era in Ming 明 Dynasty, the rebellion of Bai-lian-jiao 白蓮教 believers arose from north to south in China. Ma-zu-shi 馬祖師 and his followers, who rebelled in Wu-zhen 烏鎭 of Hu-zhou-fu 湖州府in Jiang-nan 江南, advocated that they would relieve 92 hundred million people in thirteen bu-zheng-shi 布政司 and that the rulers should be replaced. Besides landed farmers, land-owning, tenant farmers, and Tian-fu 佃戸, many Shi-tai-fus 士大夫 took part in those associations. Therefore, their movement wasn't likely to join hands with Kang-zu 抗祖 (non-payment of farm rent) movement, but it had also aim of distributing land to peasants. The movement of Bai-lian-jiao 白蓮教 was very vigorous especially in Shan-xi 山西 Province. They acted in union with the Mongolian tribes and emigrated to Mongolia during Jia-jing 嘉靖 era and gave pieces of the land to peasants. Since most members of those societies were peasants who could not put up with the heavy rent, the Bai-lian-jiao 白蓮教 believers declared that they wouldn't collect taxes and resisted against the authorities of the State, asking why it should collect taxes from peasants. Some vulgar religious societies such as Bai-lian-jiao 白蓮教 organized new communities. Those societies disputed over the problems of what family and its private property should be, and denounced the State to the effect that the State was immoral.