ガルダン・ハルハ・淸朝・チベットが共通に名分としていた「佛敎政治」思想 : 滿州文・モンゴル文・漢文「朔漠方略」の史料批判に基づいて

Abstract

By first comparing the Manchu edition of Qin ding ping ding shuo mofang lue 欽定平定朔漠方略 (hereafter Shuo mo) known as the Beye dailame wargi amargi babe nechihiyeme toktobuha bodogon i bithe in Manchu, with the primary Manchu text included in the Gongzhong dang 宮中槽，I learned that the Manchu edition of the Shuo mo quotes passages that match the primary source word for word. Furthermore, comparing the Mongol edition of the Shuo mo with the corresponding passages from the primary source incorporated in the Mengwen laodang 蒙文老檔, it became clear that the passages do not correspond. As there are many points that lead to the conclusion that the Manchu edition of the Shuo mo is a relatively faithful redaction, it can be concluded that the Mongol edition of the Shuo mo is a translation of the Manchu version. Moreover, when the Chinese edition of the Shuo mo is compared with the Manchu edition, it becomes clear that terms of Mongol and Tibetan derivation have not been correctly translated in the Chinese edition. Judging from this and the fact that several different Chinese words are used to translate a single word in various locations in the text, I have indicated that the meaning of concepts of Tibetan and Mongolian origin cannot be correctly understood from the Chinese edition. In other words, we may conclude that from among the Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese versions of the Shuo mo, the Manchu edition is the most faithful to the original sources. In second half of this article, I employ the Manchu text of the Shuo mo to examine the relationships of the Qing, Oyirad (dGa'ldan), Qalq-a, and Tibet in the second half of the 17th century. As a result, it has become clear that the parties involved relied on the conception of Buddhist government, doro shajin in Manchu, entailing a "politics based on the teaching of the Dalai Lama" before acting in various cases, such as when the Kuriyen belciger meeting was held to bring peace to the Qalq-a and Oyirad in 1686, when an incident arose as the Qalq-a high priest rje-btsun dam-pa was attacked by dGa' ldan of the Oyirad there, when there were negotiations between dGa' Idan and emperor Kangxi 康煕 regarding rje-btsun dam-pa's flight to Qing, when the negotiations broke down and Qing and dGa' ldan went to war, and when the two sides made peace. This amounts to further evidence to support this author's previously stated position that the "Tibetans, Mongolians, and Manchus shared a realm that may best be termed the world of Tibetan Buddhism in the 17th century".