京都東山の地形景域の構造と名勝地の景観 -開度の概念に基づく地形的囲繞の評価-

Abstract

本研究は，京都東山を対象とし，地形が特徴づける景域（地形景域）の構造を，開度の概念に基づく地形的囲繞の定量的評価を通じて明らかにした. その結果，東山の寺社や名勝地の多くが近距離の山に囲繞された景域（主に囲繞角90度以上，囲繞距離500m以内）に立地していることを示し，地形的囲繞の面的広がりと場所ごとの変化ならびに局所性を示した．また，このような山によって囲繞された空間条件を活用した景観構成手法について，絵図等の空間情報の読み取りを通じた考察を行った結果，近景域での 1) 斜面地の庭園利用と開放的な視点場の構成，中景域での 2) 背景となる山までの連続した斜面と添景の堂舎による一連の眺めの構成，3) 背景となる山までの間を隠す見切りの構成，4) 山並みへの俯瞰を見せる開放的な平場の構成，の各景観構成手法を示した．

This study aims at clarifying the landscape structure and its visual characteristics of the Higashiyama district, Kyoto, by evaluating topographic enclosure by Openness and visualizing a distribution pattern of topographic enclosure. The results presented in this paper indicated that the area strongly enclosed by mountains ranged locally in the bottom of mountains and most of temples and scenic places located in these enclosed spaces. It is found that the spatial compositions in scenic places imply a traditional landscape design method of using topographic conditions and landscape characteristics. The main findings are described below: 1) in scenic places that were enclosed by mountains at a short distance, gardens were composed of spatially opened viewpoints created in the enclosed space. In scenic places that were enclosed by mountains at a middle distance, 2) gardens were composed of a contiguous view of mountain slopes and buildings, 3) spaces between a garden and mountains were hidden to combine views of gardens and mountains, 4) spatially opened viewpoints were created to get a view of a surrounding landscape. It is found that scenic places of the Higashiyama district are strongly characterized by the topographic enclosure that is one of significant features of religious spaces in Japan.