TSYSHO学校運動を通じたポーランド・ユダヤ人労働者総同盟「ブンド」の社会的影響力の拡大について

Abstract

両大戦間期ポーランドにおけるイディッシュ語による世俗的学校のネットワーク「中央イディッシュ学校機関」, 通称TSYSHO (ツイショ)の運動を検討することを通じ, 1930年代後半に顕著となったポーランド・ユダヤ人労働者総向盟「ブンド」の影響力拡大の背景について考察する. TSYSHO は複数政党の共問で運営され, また運動自体が年を経て縮小したと見なされてきことから, ブンドの影響力の拡大と直接関連づけて論じられることがなかったしかしながら, 実態としてはTSYSHO運動の中ではブンドの勢力が支配的であり, TSYSHOがブンドの前哨機関としての性格を多分に帝びていたことが確認できる. また, TSYSHO学校運動は学校数や児童数には表れない社会的反響を広く呼び起こしており, そのことがブンドの影響力拡大に持った意味は看過できない. TSYSHOにおいてブンドは, 一方で「文化的民族自治」や「イディッシュ語の権利」を掲げることで, ポーランド・ユダヤ人の大部分をなしたイディッシュ語話者にアピールするとともに他方で「労働共間体」や「社会主義学校」の創設を日指すことで学校を核に労働者階級のユダヤ人を束ねていたといえる.

This paper examines the background of the growing political influence of the General Jewish Workers "Bund" in Poland in the late 1930s by focusing on its activities within TSYSHO (Tsentrale yidishe shul-organizatsye ; Central Yiddish School Organization) school network. TSYSHO is an organization that provided secular education in Yiddish for Jews in Poland. The relationship between TSYSHO movements and the Bund's growing social influence in the late 1930s has not been well discussed, because, firstly, TSYSHO was co-operated by some political parties as well as non-political teachers and activists, and secondly it has been regarded as having been in decline in the 1930s. However, the Bundists constituted such an influential part of TSYSHO that it is reasonable to regard TSYSHO as a kind of the Bundist outpost to promote its ideals. In addition, TSYSHO resonated favorably with not only Jewish workers but also with broader social strata that had strong attachment to secular Yiddish culture even as late as 1930s. It is quite likely that the visibility of the Bund in TSYSHO had a positive effect on the development of the Bund. Through TSYSHO activities, the Bund appealed to the broader Yiddish speaking Jews by fighting for Jewish cultural autonomy. At the same time, it unified Jewish workers around schools, whose integral ideas were "workers communities" and "social (ist) schools."