伐出労働力と作業組織 : 京都府京北町における伐出作業組織の変質過程

Abstract

(1) 京北町における伐出作業組織は, 昭和30年代末には, 半農型労働者よりなり, 雇用主に対してはフリーな, また組織内部はフラットな自営小生産者性格をもつ「組」組織であった。(2) 40年代初頭以来の「外材体制」の定着という厳しい状況の下におかれた素材業者は, 機械化による合理化をはからねば生き残れなくなった。しかし古くからの良質材生産地帯としての京北町においては, 市場対応をも考える時, 材質と生産性との矛盾もあり対策に苦慮していた。(3) 伐出請負業者が生産性を上げる為に導入した全幹集材が, 労働生産性の向上と市場対応の双方に適合し, 地域適合的技術として定着した。(4) 機械化に伴う労働過程の性格の変化は, 労働力の質を変え, 伐出作業組織としての旧来の「組」を変質させ, 解体きせた。また素材業者の階層分化, 分解も進んだ。(5) 旧来の「組」労働者の多くは, 自家農業からも解放されて, 大手素材業者, 伐出請負業者等の専属労働者となり, 労働手段も所有せず, 経営主の権威と統制の下に労働するデファクトの賃労働者化しつつある。しかし老令化, 振動障害等の問題が深刻である。

(1) In the beginning and the middle of the 1960'ss, the felling and logging system in Keihoku-cho, was mainly supported by labourers, who were engaged in their own farm management. These part time forestry workers were regionally united in a body and mainly formed the contracting workers groups (called Kumi). They were normally free and occasionally employed. There were no hierarchical control among them. (2) Since 1965, causing to the increase of imported lumbers, log dealers generally cannot survive unless they become producers and advance the mecanization and rationalisation. However, in the developed forest regions such as Keihoku-cho, it was not allowable to neglet the quality of log in order to increase the logging productivity. (3) The innovation in the removal of log has occured, which was introduced by logging contractors. This is adaptive technique for not only the increase of productivity but also the improvement of their marketing. (4) The change in the labour situation caused by mechanization has brought the increase of the share of full-time employess and it also brought the collapse of the traditional "Kumi". And differentiation of dealers has become clearer. (5) Now, they don't work on their own account, and are on the way to becoming the real wage workers controlled under the authority of a manager. However it should be noted that there are new important problems that they get older and older and more frequently injured.