景観法文検討過程にみる景観法の問題点 -景観法が制御できない<景観>に着目して-

Abstract

景観法の成立の前段階において, 市街地の景観制御は都市計画法制度の検討の中では喫緊の課題ではなかった. 景観形成の手法としては, 都市計画の運用を推進することによって進めていく方針が想定されていた. それにも関わらず, 景観法が策定された背景には「美しさ」を目的とする制度創設の要請があった. このため, 景観法は, 既存の法制度の隙間を縫って, 制度的に追加できる部分を補う形で立法された. その結果, 景観計画は, 都市計画法体系で既に基準が定まっている確認申請事項に踏み込んで実効力を持たせる制度にはなり得なかった. 建造物の形態、意匠の変更については, 自主条例で実効力を付与可能になった. しかし, 高さ, 容積率等の規制等, 都市空間における開発可能な領域の決定に関わるような制御を行う場合には, 以前と同じく都市計画法上の制度を用いる必要が残された. 本稿は, 景観法案準備段階の議論を参照することにより, 以上のような制度設計の背景を検証し, 今後の自律的で多様な地域景観形成のために求められる課題を展望した景観法は既存の都市計画法体系の課題意識から立法された法令ではないため両法令の関係には課題が残されている. 既に自治事務として運用が開始された景観行政を都市計画と対置させていくためには, 条例によって景観計画を強化し実効力を持たせるなど, 地方自治との関係まで踏み込んだ議論が必要となるだろう.

In a previous stage of the formulation of the Landscape Law, the amendment of the City Planning Act for landscape control of the city planning area was not a pressing issue. As a method of forming the landscape, Construction Minist1y had intended to proceed it by promoting the operation of existing urban planning system. Nevertheless, the Landscape Law was formulated because the law for the purpose of" civic beauty" was requested. In other words, the purpose of lawmaking was the creation of the law itself than the contents. For this reason, the Landscape Law was enacted in the form of filling the part that can be added to supplement the existing legislation. Therefore landscape planning couldn't be the effective system to be in effect on matters which are already defined in the City Planning Law. By enforcement of the Landscape Law, the restrictions for form and design by the ordinance became in effect, but you still must use the system on the City Planning Law to control height, the volume of the city, floor area ratio, and so on. Based on the preliminaiy discussions about the Landscape Law, this paper examined the background of the above-mentioned institutional design and challenged institutional prospects for the formation of autonomous and diverse regional landscape. Because the design of the Landscape Law was not incorporated the structural issue of the existing City Planning Act, an issue have been left in the relationship between the two laws. Landscape administration is already operated autonomically. In order to contrapose it to existing urban planning system, discussion about the operation of the Local Government Act such as to enhance Landscape Planning by using ordinance will be needed.