<論説>ギー・ド・リュジニャンのクーデター

Abstract

十字軍研究の中で、エルサレム王国史は重要な分野をなしている。周知の如く、エルサレム王国は第一回十字軍に際して建設され、以後数次に亘って繰り返される十字軍の遠征も、多くはその救援要請に応じて召集されたものである。一二九一年のアッコン陥落まで約二〇〇年間存続したこの王国は、ハッティーンの戦いを境に二期に分けられ、屡々前期を「第一王国」、後期を「第二王国」と呼ぶ。本稿で扱うギー・ド・リュジニャンのクーデターは、第一王国末期に起こった王位を巡る紛争である。第一王国末期史を覆う党争の頂点とされるこの事件、それに続くのがハッティーンの敗戦とサラディンによる征服であり、王国の大部分は失われ、第一王国は滅亡する。本稿では、この紛争の背景やその実態等を解明して行くのが課題になる。

The First Kingdom of Jerusalem (1100-1187) had its closing stage filled with the internal dissensions, which led the Kingdom to the disastrous battle of Hattin. Generally these dissensions have been regarded as the strife between the court party and the baronial one, and it has been considered that the former was composed of the adventurous newcomers and the latter the old-established settlers. But examining it in detail, it is obvious that we can't distinguish their factions simply. The proper newcomers were only the Lusignan brothers, while the Ibelins, who are regarded as the chief members of the baronial faction, had a side of the newly-rising. Allied with the northern noble Raymond III of Tripoli, the Ibelins were rising in this period, finally having the expectation of establishing the Ibelin dynasty through marrying the princess Sibylla. And in order to stop this marriage, there appeared Guy of Lusignan, whose strife with Raymond-Ibelins was the main factor in those dissensions.