<論説>革新主義時代における都市政治 : シカゴの場合

Abstract

革新主義期の合衆国において、工業化・移民流入・都市化による諸矛盾を集中的に表現したとされてきたのはボス＝マシンであり、その打倒は多様な改革運動のあらゆる局面にかかわっていた。しかしシカゴの事例の検討からは以下の暫定的結論が得られる。この期の都市問題の根底にあった社会的・政治的な分裂と対立にまず取組み、一定限度の社会的・政治的統合を達成したのは、ボス＝マシン自体である。ボス＝マシンに反対した改革派は、彼らの社会的地位を反映して、より徹底した統合を、ヤンキー・プロテスタント倫理による社会統合と企業モデルの政治統合を追求したが、その路線は二〇世紀アメリカの多民族社会の現実に適応し難い。それゆえボスと同様に特定の価値観の政治的強制を拒否し、諸移民グループへの福祉の拡大と彼らの政治参与を通じて都市社会の再建と統合を求める新しい改革派が登場をみる。ニューディール改革につながるのはむしろこの路線である。

Boss-controlled political machines during the Progressive years have been generally considered to be the manifestation of many evils brought about by such new phenomena of the late nineteenth-century America as rapid industrialization and urbanization, as well as a large influx of immigrants. The elimination of these machines was an overriding objective of diverse groups of reformers at the time. However, quite a different interpretation can be made if we look at the political process in Chicago. This article argues that it was these political bosses that first coped with the socio-political disruptions and conflicts which were at the roots of the urban problems of the day, and brought into the urban communities a certain degree of social and political integration. The urban reformers who launched fierce attacks on urban bosses pursued more thoroughgoing integration of urban communities, social integration primarily based on the Yankee-Protestant values and political integration modeled on the system of business corporations. They failed largely because they could not come to grips with the social realities of a emerging pluralistic America. In the meantime a new type of reform movement emerged that aimed at restructuring urban society through extending welfare programs to immigrant groups and promoting their participation in political processes while refusing socio-political conformity as much like bosses. It seems to be this type of reform movement that culminated in the New Deal reform.