<論説>明末清初、広東珠江右岸デルタにおける社賊・土賊の蜂起

Abstract

本稿は、明末清初の時期、広東珠江右岸デルタ地帯で展開された社賊、土賊の反乱の性格究明を直接の課題としている。社賊、土賊の反乱は、ともに<郷紳>に対する抵抗運動としての性格をもっており、なかでも社賊の変は郷村在住の<郷紳>に重大な打撃を与え、郷村をその内部から崩壊させた。この社賊の変は、従来、奴僕の身分解放運動として扱われてきたが、検討の結果、それが奴僕・佃僕を主体とする私的隷属民及びその他の郷村の下層民衆から構成されるとともに、次のような複合的な性格を保持していたことが明らかになった。第一に、主家の身分支配の打破を志向した奴僕・佃僕を主体とする私的隷属民の闘争の側面であり、第二に、利益を独占して、郷村の再生産機能の維持に努めない「富室」に敵対する側面である。更に第三点としては、地主・佃僕間の生産関係上の矛盾の激発としての抗租の側面が摘出された。以上の諸側面を内包しつつ、社賊は<郷紳>と対立・抗争を繰り広げたのである。

This article aims to make clear the characters of the revolts of Shezei and Tuzei which took place around the right part of the Zhujiang 珠江 Delta during the Late Ming and Early Qing period. Both the revolts of Shezei and Tuzei had the character of a resistance against the xiangshen 郷紳 or gentries. Especially, the revolt of Shezei seriously damaged the gentries and destroyed the villages. Though the revolt of Shezei has been considered as a liberation movement of the nupu 奴僕 (bond servants), the examination clarified two points. 1) The rebellious people were composed not only of the nupu (private subordinates), but also of the dianpu 佃僕 (field servants who were private subordinates similar to the nupu) and also of the other lower class of inhabitants in the villages. 2) The character of this revolt was the composite of three aspects as follows. A) The struggle for the status liberation against their masters by those such as nupu and dianpu. B) Hostility against the rich families which neglected the reproduction and monopolized the profits in the villages. C) The struggle against the rent as a conflict between the dianpu and the landowners. So, the revolt of Shezei countered the xiangshen, involving the various classes and comprising the manifold factors, which have not been clarified.