<論説>近世中期京都の都市構造の転換

Abstract

近世初期の京都は個別の町を基礎とした都市構造であったが、それは享保末年頃からの仲間組織の増加や金融諸機関の設立にともなう町構成員の町からの自立化、借屋人の町内での地位の上昇によって破綻し、京都は混乱に陥る。十八世紀中頃に頻発した会所機構設立の出願(「新規願」) は、町に代わって都市全体を覆う会所によって都市の混乱を収めようとしたものであり、主に仲間関係者から出された都市の復興策であった。これに対し町側は惣町結合を形成することでこの動きを封じることに成功する。しかし会所機構はこれまで下層に位置付けられていた者の解放につながるものであり、町側の運動はこれを抑える復古的側面を持つものであった。だが、運動のなかで町側も都市全体への視野を獲得し、また町の個別性、階層性も弱まり、一円的な都市社会が成立する。十八世紀後期以降強大化していった支配権力も、こうした都市構造の変容に対応して生み出されたものであった。

The city structure of Kyoto in the early modern period was based on individual cho 町. However, from about the last year of Kyoho 享保 with the increase in nakama 仲間 organizations and the establishment of financial kaisho's 会所, the members of the cho became independent of the cho. Moreover as the tenants' position in the cho ascended, and so on, the cho structure was broken down. As a result, Kyoto was thrown into confusion. The purpose of shinkinegai 新規願, applications for establishing kaisho organizations, which occurred frequently in the mid 18th century, was to manage this confusion in the city by replacing cho with kaisho, which would embrace all of the city. It was also a reconstruction plan for the city, presented primarily by those who had relations to the nakama. In response the cho succeeded in restraining this movement by making the unions of socho 惣町. Nevertheless while kaisho organizations had the character of providing relief to those in the lower strata, the movement of the cho had a restorative nature that repressed this group. But because in the course of the movement the cho got a view that enable them to see the city as a whole, and because in every cho its individuality and class character was weakend, an urban social group which covered the whole city, was established. After the second half of the 18th century, the ruling authority was strengthened by coping with these changes in the city structure.