<論説>太平天国期のチワン族反乱とその背景 : 広西省横州・永淳県の場合

Abstract

太平天国にチワン族などの少数民族が多数参加したことについては既に多くの指摘がある。本稿は、この時期に広西省横州・永淳県一帯で蜂起し、のち大成国とも連繋したチワン族の反乱を分析することを通して、当時のチワン族のあり方を具体的に明らかにしょうとするものである。明末清初以降、この地方のチワン族は、官府との直接的接触をきらい、漢族を代納者として納税していたが、漢族は自らを地主、チワン族を佃戸とみなすようになり、しだいに収奪を強化した。これに対しチワン族は、咸豊元年、自らの土地所有権の奪回を訴え蜂起したが、漢族及び彼らに左袒する清朝当局はこれを"抗租"とみなした。そこでチワン族は実力で地主を駆逐し、咸豊七年この地方に進出した大成国に直接納税することで自らの要求を実現した。この闘争においては、チワン族としての民族的伝統が基盤となっていたのと同時に、一定の漢化の進展―当局による教化的なそれではなく漢族客民との交流によって得られた―が大きな役割をはたしていたことにも注目しなければならない。

It has been pointed out that many minority peoples such as the Zhuang participated in the Taiping revolution. This paper will attempt to discuss how the Zhuang people acted during the period by analysing their uprising which arose in the region of Hengzhou and Yongchun xian in Guangxi Province, and which was connected with Dachengguo 大成国 afterwards. In the late Ming and early Qing, the Zhuang people had the Han people pay their taxes because the Zhuang people did not like to be in direct contact with the government. However, as time went by, the Han people started regarding themselves as landowners and the Zhuang as tenants, and gradually strengthened their power as landowners. Therefore, in 1851 the Zhuang people rose against the Han people for taking away their ownership of the land, but the Han people and the Qing government, which favored the Han people took it only as a "rent revolt." The Zhuang people drove the landowners away by force and they realized their demands by paying their taxes directly to Dachengguo which had come into the region in 1857. In this struggle, we have to remark that the Zhuang people's' folk tradition formed the roots of the revolt. At the same time, a certain degree of "Han-ization" -- not the educational one imposed by the government, but one which was obtained through cultural exchanges with the guest people of the Han -- played a big role.