<論説>現代中国農村の生活空間 : 江蘇省六合県のばあい

Abstract

生活空間の重層性に着目しつつ、現代中国農村における生活空間と社会生活の相互関係の一端の解明を目的とした、農村調査に基づく実態的検討が本稿では行われる。中国農村研究の有力な分析枠のひとつであるスキナーの市場社会概念の再考も本稿の射程の一部を構成する。二八戸の調査村は小村的集落形態をもつ雑姓村であり、村民小組として生産隊の領域性を継承している。生業としての農業において、生産責任制導入以降の強固な家族経営のもつ個別性に対して、村民小組レベルに確認される村落は、その生活と生産の二重の近接性に支持され、家族経営の補完的機能を微弱ながらも果たしている。また生産・生活の多段階に農民と集市・集鎮との経済的関係が見られ、その範域である市場圏の特徴として大規模性と不均質性が指摘される。婚姻をめぐる検討からは、村落が外婚単位的傾向を示すこと、市場圏は調査村の通婚圏を内包するがその婚姻の過程には市場社会概念的な原理は認められないことなどが明らかとなった。

The concept of marketing community that G. W. Skinner presented in 1964 has been one of the most influential models for studying rural China. The concept treats a marketing area as a basic social unit, though it is not so clear how the concept evaluates the village community subsisting beneath the marketing community. Life space as a spatial base of social life is essentially stratiform. The author pays attention to this stratification, and tries to make clear interrelations between the life space and the social life in contemporary rural China. Data were collected by field work at a rural area in Luhe county, Jiangsu province from 1988 to 1990. Luhe county is an economically middle class rural area in the province. The investigated village where 28 households and 117 people live is a small agglomerated settlement and a multi-lineage village. As a Cunminxiaozu it succeeded to a part of former Production Team's territoriality. Since the responsibility system was executed for agricultural production, strong family farming has prevailed in rural China. The village, however, which is found on Cunminxiaozu as a set of settlement and farmland, performs some functions in assisting the family farming. These functions exist because of the dual adjacency of life and production in the village. The social interaction of villagers also extends beyond the village. In many phases of life and production economic connections are observed between villagers and a periodic market or a local town. The marketing area which is a spatial expression of the connection is characterized by its large scale and its inner heterogeneity. Through a spatial examination of marriage, it reveals that the village has an exogamous tendency. And although the marriage area of the village extends to within the marketing area, analyzing the process of marriage, which is generally arranged, the situation supposed in the concept of marketing community, that acquaintances made at the market place directly influence marriage, is not found.