<論説>近世武家官位制の成立過程について

Abstract

本稿は、武家官位叙任の動向とその特徴を探り、その性格変化を追跡して近世武家官位制の成立過程を解明するとともに、武家官位を構造的に掌握して幕藩体制におけるその意義を析出しようとしたものである。まず、豊臣政権期の官位叙任に対しては全国統一過程とその権力性格と関連させて分析・評価し、特に陪臣の官位叙任に注目した。次に、家康・秀忠の時期における武家官位叙任は将軍宣下・上洛と大きく関連していたことを明らかにした。寛永年間には定例的叙任が定着し朝廷から独立した武家官位制が展開し始めるが、二条城行幸の際の位階が近世武家官位制の基本的枠組となったことに注目した。またこの時期に有力外様大名の官位と家格制とが絡み合い固定されたことを確かめた。しかし大名の官位叙任原則が立てられたのは万治三・寛文元年であり、この時点で官位制と家格制とが絡み合う近世武家官位制が確立したのである。こうした武家官位制は幕藩体制独自の家格制の枠組の制限を受けており、官職昇進を通じて将軍に対する「忠」の論理が貫かれていたとみた。

(Summary) This paper looks into the trend of appointment to samurai rank and its distinctive features. Along with elucidating the formation process of the early modern samurai ranking system by following its changing nature, it also tries to educe the significance of the feudal clan system which structurally commanded the samurai ranking system. First of all, this paper makes associations between the process of unification of the whole country and its authoritarian characteristics, and the attaining of the samurai rank by appointment during the Toyotomi political period, then analyzes and assesses it paying particular attention to the appointment to the samurai rank of the samurai's retainer. Next, it also shows that appointment during Ieyasu and Hidetada's reign to the Samurai rank was heavily associated with the Shogun's proclamation and his visit to Kyoto. During the Kan'ei period, regular appointment became fixed and the samurai ranking system which became independent from the Imperial Court begins to develop, but the focus is particularly on the fact that the court rank during the samurai's visit to the Nijo Palace became the basic framework of the early modern samurai ranking system. It is also ascertained that it is during this time that the appointment and family rank of the powerful non-Tokugawa daimyo became interrelated and established. However, the principle of the daimyo appointing to samurai rank was not established until Manji 3, Kanbun 1, and it was at this time that the ranking system and family rank system became interrlated and the early modern samurai ranking system was established. This kind of samurai ranking system is influenced by the independent feudal clan system's limitation of the family system framework. Thus, the logic of " loyalty " spread through the governmental post promotion.