<論説>平安京における居住と家族 : 寄住・妻方居住・都市

Abstract

都市論と家族史の接点を探りつつ、平安中期の貴族の居住を分析する。平安京という都市における貴族の居住は、「寄住」によって特徴づけられる。「寄住」とは、所有権のない邸宅に一時的に往む「仮住い」のことである。彼らは、方違えや、忌みを避けて他人の家に宿すために都市内を移動していった。より長期にわたって寄住を行うこともあり、彼らの居住は安定したものではなかった。こうした分析により、流動性、便宜性が平安貴族の平安京居住の特微であることが明らかになる。また、妻方居住も「寄住」の概念で捉えることができる。妻を亡くした男性は、それまで住んでいた妻方の邸宅を去るのが一般的であり、このことは、彼にとって妻方居住が一時的なものだということを示す。妻方居住は、「仮住い」の一つの選択肢に過ぎない。さらに、所有と居住の不一致から、平安期には、自分の所有する邸宅に住む必然性が希薄であったことをみる。

In this essay, the author makes use of historical records such as diaries and fictional tales to analyze the residence customs of the nobility of the middle Heian period (10th-11th cent.), aiming to link urban theory with the history of the family. The residence of the nobles in the capital city of Heiankyo was characterized by "kiju", or temporary residence ; more precisely, kiju means dwelling temporarily In a mansion which one does not own and for which one pays no rent. In an attempt to avoid directional and other taboos, Heian nobles moved around the city from one place to another. Sometimes they lived in each other's mansions for long periods of time. The practice of kiju is a sign of the instability of their residence. Mobility and convenience were the prime characteristics of noble residence in the city of Heiankyo. We can also understand uxorilocal residence as a variation on kiju. The fact that a man who lost his wife in childbirth generally moved out of her mansion implies that the wife's mansion was no more than a temporary place for him to dwell. In a nutshell, uxorilocal residence was nothing but one type of temporary residence. Thus arguments made in family history for uxorilocal residence being the rule during the Heian period need to be reexamined. During the Heian period, the custom of temporary habitation in the mansions of others gradually shifted to continuous residence in a mansion of one's own. Untill then though one did not necessarily live in a mansion that one owned oneself. The mutual sharing of residences within the nobility of the narrow city of Heiankyo was one aspect of its culture.