<論説>清代の華北農村における青苗会について : 嘉慶年間以降の順天府宝[チ]県の事例より

Abstract

収穫期において作物の監視を行なう看青は、農作業の過程に関わって形成される農民の協力関係であり、その活動は、青苗会という団体によって運営された。清代における青苗会は、雇用労働者を使用する自営農及び安定的な家族経営農民を構成員の中心として、一つ或いは複数の「村荘」の範囲で組織された。青苗会は、農民が居住し耕作地が所在する区域において、作物監視の協力が行なわれるという点で、地縁的集団(「村」) の性格を備えていたが、また同時に、収穫時に組織されること、参加は農民の任意であり、看青が行なわれた土地の範囲も一円的でなかったという点で、特定の目的を遂行するために、必要な期間のみ成立する任意参加の集団(「会」) としての性格も備えていた。青苗会を組織して行なわれる団体的な看青は、十九世紀以降確認することができるが、清代の農村社会における青苗会の役割は、近代におけるそれとは異なるものであったと考えられる。

Crop watching (k'an-ch'ing 看青) was maanaged by a crop watching Association (Ch'ing-miao hui青苗会) in..the Ch'ing petiod. The organization of 'k'an-ch'ing was cooperative, and was formed in the process of farm work. The Ch'ing-miao-hui, whose leading members were farmers that employed wage labor and well-to-do peasant families, were ・organized either within a single village (ts'un-chuang 村荘) or across the borders of several villages. The Ch'ing-miao-hui can be described in two different ways. On the one hand, their organization was similar to that of a ts'un (village community) in that it was territorially defined; a k'an-ch'ing community included both residences and their' associated fields. On the other hand, Ch'ing-miao-hui resembled voluntary associations, or hui 会. Organized crop watching took place only during the harvest season. Furthermore, some villagers within a given ts'un-chuang did not take part in the association, and the area covered by the Ch'ing-miao- hui was not necessarily coextensive with that of village. Crop watching was organized by the crop watching association from at least the early nineteenth century. The role of the association in rural society underwent a transformation, however, between the Ch'ing and modern periods.