<論説>中国トロツキー派の生成、動態、及びその主張 : 一九二七年から三四年を中心に

Abstract

中国トロツキー派はモスクワの中国人留学生グループと中共から除名された陳独秀らを中心とするグループから形成された。双方ともスターリン・コミンテルンの官僚的指導への反発から形成されたため、民主を強調し、かつソ連の国益優先政策に対する批判を強めた。中共は、都市を離脱し、農村へと根拠地を求め、中国革命を最終的に勝利できる道を切り開くが、同時に民主を失っていった。それに対し、トロツキー派は上海等の都市に留まり、中国は「資本主義社会」であるが、民主が未完成との認識から民主を強く求めた。確かに、トロツキー派は都市、労働者を重視し過ぎ、農業国家・中国で農村、農民を軽視するという限界があった。だが、当時の中国共産主義運動を全体的にみた場合、農村と都市の双方をカバーできる勢力は生まれておらず、中共、トロツキー派ともに限界があったのであり、実質的に農村、都市を分担し、相互補完関係にあった。また、三一年九・一八事変後、トロツキー派は抗日ナショナリズム的色彩を強め、連合戦線の結成を呼びかけ、第三勢力と共同歩調をとり、福建人民革命政府、さらに両広事変、西安事変、抗日民族統一戦線への流れを創り出した。

The Trotskiite faction of the Chinese Communist Party was primarily composed of those Chinese who had studied abroad in Moscow, and followers of Chen Du-xiu (陳独秀), who had been expelled from the Chinese Communist Party. In their struggle against Stalin and the bureaucratic control of Comintern, the Trotskiites emphasized democracy, and furthermore increasingly criticized the Soviet Union for promoting its national interests at the expense of world communism. Although the move of the Chinese Communist Party from urban areas to the countryside was to lay the groundwork for the ultimate success of the revolution, this was achieved at the expense of democratic principles. By consrast, the Trotskiites remained in large cities such as Shanghai and promoted democratization based upon the believe that Chinese society, although capitalist, had not yet developed a mature democratic system. Of course, one could criticized the Trotskiites for overemphasizing the proletariat and ignoring the plight of the peasantry in a rural nation such as China, but at that time, there was no organization in the Communist movement capable of integrating urban and rural districts. The Trotskiites and the Communist Party essentially took on mutually complementary roles of organizing town and countryside. After the Manchurian Incident of 1931, the Trotskiites strengthened their anti-Japanese nationalism, and encouraged people to organize the United Front. Most significantly, the Trotskiites joined hands with the Third Force, and thus created the momentum which would bring about the Fujian People's Revolutionary Government (福建人民革命政府), the Xian Incident, and the Anti-Japanese United Front.