<論説>牒・告書・下文 : 荘園制的文書体系の成立まで

Abstract

公式令には符・解・移の三種の宮司間文書の規定があるが、牒という文書は多様な機能をもち、それを柔軟に補足する役割を果たしていた。そののち牒も官司間文書という側面を強め、九世紀から一〇世紀にかけて宛先に「衙」という字が付く新様式の互通牒が成立する。この牒は、さまざまの自立的な官司・組織間で多層的に用いられるものであった。一方、そうした官司間文書体系の裏側には、帖・告書といった非所管在地司への命令文書が潜在していた。貴族や寺院の家政機関はそうした命令文書を発給して在地への恣意の実現をはかっていた。「権門」の成立にともなってこうした文書の機能が前面に出、一一世紀には在地への命令機能は政所下文に継承されて、社会的な承認を得る存在になる。さらにそれが一二世紀に確立する荘園制の枠組に規制され、郡司・在庁官人への文書発給権は院・女院・摂関に収歛される。荘園の本家たる院・女院・摂関を頂点とした、これこそが荘園制的な文書体系の成立というべきであろう。

In the kushikiryo 公式令, three types of documents, fu 符, ge 解 and i 移, were regulated for use among officials, while the multipurpose cho 牒 was used as a flexible supplement to the three official types. Later, cho 牒also became a standardized inter-governmental document, and from the 9th to 10th centuries, in this new form of cho 牒, the character ga 衙 was appended to the adress. This type of cho 牒 was used on several different levels among various independent officials and groups. Besides this system of inter-governmental documents, there was the potential for issuing orders to local officials through two other types of documents, cho 帖and kokusyo 告書. The house administrations of the aristocracy and large monasteries issued these orders in order to realize their private goals. During the formation of the kenmon 権門, this type of document laid the precedent for issuing non-governmental orders to the localities, and in the 11th century, it was succeeded by mandokoro-kudashibumi 政所下文, which attained a socially recognized existence. Furthermore, this type of communication became regulated within the framework of the shoen system that solidified in the 12th century, and the authority to issue such documents to local officials was consolidated by the retired emperor, imperial princesses and the regent house. The system reached its peak in the shoen proprietorships of the retired emperor, imperial princesses and the regent house, and this in itself should be called the systematization of shoen-related documents.