<論説>一七世紀初頭ブハラの死地蘇生文書について

Abstract

旧ソ連東洋学は中央アジア古文書研究の分野で輝かしい成果をあげたが、当時イスラム法学研究に制約が与えられていたために、その研究領域はワクフ文書や売買文書を利用した社会経済史研究などにほぼ限定されていた。ソ連邦崩壊後、現地に留学する機会を得た筆者は、ウズベキスタン共和国中央古文書館に所蔵される幾つかの文書を実見し、研究する機会に恵まれた。本稿で紹介する死地蘇生文書もその一つであり、筆者が知る限り、中央アジア史研究においてこの種の文書が過去に利用されたことはない。本稿では、研究者のあいだでもあまり知られていないこの史料をペルシア語原文とともに紹介し、これをイスラム法学の視点から分析する。結果として、この死地蘇生文書が、当時の法と現実の相関関係をきわめて具体的に映し出す第一級の史料であることが明らかとなった。

The aim of this article is to introduce a type of historical source which I will call ihya' al-mawat documents. An example of them will be introduced along with the original Persian text and analyzed in the context of Islamic law. This type of document must have been composed all over the Islamic world since all four Sunni schools of Islamic law recognize ihya' al-mawat ("revivification of depleted land" mainly through irrigation). However, at least in the case of Central Asian historians, the subject has not been researched in a long time. The document introduced here is kept at the Central National Archives of the Republic of Uzbekistan - number - Ф. 323, оп. 1. ед. хр. 144 - and incorrectly classified as waqfiya. It deals with the revivification of depleted land in the Nasaf district that was accomplished by Payanda Bi Ataliq Turkman during the reign of Imam Quli Khan. Judging from circumstantial evidence, we can safely assume that the document itself is a copy composed at Bukhara not long after completion of the original on May 11, 1614. Its contents are divided into three sections: 1) the ihya' al-mawat document; 2) a description of events during the construction of an irrigation canal ; and 3) a fatwa document confirming the validity of the deed described in section 1. Having analyzed the document, I offer the following conclusions: A) as can be seen from sections 1 and 3, the document was composed strictly in accordance with the rules of ihya' al-mawat prescribed by Islamic law; B) since Islamic law defines the ihya' al-mawat as a private enterprise, section 2 may be interpreted as having been added to the document in order to praise Payanda Bi Ataliq as a private individual who revivified the land.