<論説>第三共和政期のパリ市議会議員 (一八七一－一九一四年)

Abstract

本論文では、第三共和政期のパリ市議会議院四五二名を、出自、結婚、職業、経歴の四観点から分析することで、従来見過ごされがちであったパリの政治史を一定程度明らかにするとともに、「名望家から新社会階層へ」という当時の支配階層の変化が首都の枠組みのなかでどの程度確認できるのかを検証した。市議会議員は、その大半が大・中ブルジョワジーに属しており、その意味では民主化の遅れを指摘できる。パリ市議を特徴づけるのは、その経歴である。それには、大きく二つのタイプがあった。一つは「地元名士型」議員であり、パリで生まれ、主として商工業に携わり、地元行政などにおける活動の延長として市議会に選出された者である。もう一つは、「政治家型」の議員で、地方出身で、弁護士などの専門職に就き、市議会をステップにして国政に転出しようとする者であった。

In French historiography, Paris of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is insufficiently studied. Working on a group of politicians, which is a social and anthropological reflection of the place in question, we have tried to present some aspects of the political and social life at this capital under the Third Republic. On the whole, the municipal councilors came from the upper strata of Parisian society, and most of them worked in an economic or intellectual profession. The lower and middle classes were indeed more represented than in the past. But democratization was limited and was realized mainly by the socialists. The councilors owed their social position to their own effort and success. Family connections seldom played a major role in the career of the councilors, especially in their political life. What characterized most of the municipal officials of Paris was precisely their political career; nearly one third of them became parliamentarians and some of the ministers. For them, a position at the city hall was only a spring- board which allowed them to reach the summit of the State. These aspirants for parliament, often provincials who arrived at the capital for their study, were elected to the municipal council at a relatively young age. Some of these political elites would form the hard core of the republican party and manage the affairs of the country. This passage between city hall and parliament decided to a large extent the character of the municipal council. By the stakes of its elections and the tonality of its debates, the Parisian assembly was sort of miniature parliament.