<論説>足利義政親政期の財政再建

Abstract

本稿は、財政再建という視点から一五世紀中葉の室町幕府財政について論じたものである。嘉吉元年(一四四一) の土一揆襲撃は土倉役を退転させ、これを契機に管領政治期の幕府財政は低迷していく。享徳三年(一四五四) に、対応策として創出された分一銭も徴収に失敗し、幕府財政は危機的状況に陥るが、翌康正元年(一四五五) に将軍側近伊勢貞親を中心に分一銭徴収方式が整備され、同年の改正令以降に一応の確立を見ることになる。さらに、伊勢氏の活動は康正二年(一四五六) の内裏再建事業にも及び、国役方式の採用などを通じて要脚の調達に成功し、これらを受けて一三年ぶりに再建された内裏では将軍足利義政の右大将拝賀儀式が盛大に行われた。当該期の幕府政治が依然管領主導の下にあったことを想起すると、管領政治期にはなし得なかった財源の改善、内裏の再建という問題を克服して行われたこの儀式は、幕政の中心が将軍にあることを可視化、演出するものであったといえる。政治史上における当該期の財政再建の意義は、このように義政親政の確立にあったと評価できるのである。

In this essay I will examine muromachi bakufu (室町幕府) finances during the mid 15th century from the perspective of financial reconstruction. The Rural League Uprising (土一揆) of 1441 led to the weakening of imposts levied on Pawnbrokers, and this ushered in a decline in bakufu finances during the period of kanrei administration (管領政治). In response to this, the bakufu created the buichisen policy (分一銭). In 1454, but it failed to collect funds and bakufu finances went into a state of crisis. In 1455, the collecting methods of the buichisen policy were reworked by ISE Sadachika (伊勢貞親) of the shogunate, and after the revision issued that year, finances were reestablished. Furthermore, in addition to the 1456 imperial palace reconstruction that resulted from ISE's activities, necessary funds were successfully procured through the implementation of the kuniyaku system (国役). ASHIKAGA Yoshimasa (足利義政) succeeded in a prosperous ceremony to the position of shogun in the newly reconstructed imperial palace. Considering that the bakufu administration had been led by the kanrei until this time, it becomes clear that this ceremony was a performative display of the centrality of the shogun within the bakufu. It emphasized the accomplishments of revenue improvement and palace restoration, impossible achievements during the period of kanrei administration. This essay thus attempts to appraise the significance of the reconstruction of bakufu finances in terms of political history through the lens of the establishment of Yoshimasa's administration.