<論説>神獣鏡の作鏡系譜とその盛衰

Abstract

神獣鏡は二三世紀の東アジアを考える上で重要な資料である。数多くの紀年鏡が存在し、鏡研究・古墳研究において編年の定点となり、早くから注目されてきた。神獣鏡を含めて鏡研究は、これまで編年の確立を目的として進められてきたが、中国考古学の立場で系譜を検討した例は少ない。編年を目的とした研究では、型式から様式を抽出するに至っているが、この型式概念を系譜の検討に持ち込めば、より具体的に神獣鏡の製作動向が把握できると思われる。そこで、環状乳・対置式・同向式・重列の神獣鏡を対象として、単位文様の相関に従った型式分類をおこない、共通する単位文様によって型式を群にまとめ、この群ごとに作鏡者銘と分布を検討するという手法で、神獣鏡の作鏡系譜を抽出した。広漢郡系や華北東部系、華北西部系、長江中流域系、銭塘江系など、地域ごとの作鏡系譜が存在し、各系譜は紳獣配置・銘文・外区周縁文様などの単位文様の選択に特徴があることが明らかとなった。神獣鏡は広漢郡系で製作が始まり、時期とともにその中心は銭塘江系と華北東部系に移り、やがて銭塘江系と長江中流域系が中心となる。各系譜は互いに影響を及ぼしながら生産を展開していったのである。系譜に特徴的な単位文様に主眼を置くことで、空間的な差異・時間的な変遷を際立たせ、よりはつきりした形で神獣鏡の製作動向を示すことができた。

Mirrors with figures of deities and sacred animals (神獣鏡) are essential relics for the research of ancient East Asia in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The mirror have been used from the standpoint of chronological study of mirrors in general or burial mounds (古墳). Studies have progressed in the chronological aspect, but few studies have examined the schools of mirror-making from the standpoint of Chinese archaeology. The typological classification has established the specific styles of Han mirrors. Using this method, the schools of mirror-making will be clarified. In this paper, I analyzed four types of mirrors: 1) the style with ring-like nipples (環状乳); 2) the contraposition styles (対置式); 3) the unidirectional styles (回向式); and 4) the style arranged in bilateral rows (重列). I have used common design units (attributes), combined some types based on typological classification, and considered distribution and the maker's names on them. The groups identified through the process are to be called "schools". By the analysis I found five major schools based on particular region: 1) the school of Guang-Han district (広漢郡系); 2) of eastern North China; 3) of western North China; 4) of mddle basin of Qiantang Jiang river (銭塘江系). Each school has original applications of design units, such as the location of deities and sacred animals, inscriptions, geological designs on the mirror edge, and so on. Manufacture of the mirror began with the school of Guang-Han district. As time goes by, the school of eastern North China and of the basin of Qiantang Jiang rever becoame the center of manufacture. After that time, the school of basin of Qiantang Jiang river and of middle basin of Changjiang river took over. Stimulating each other, they developed mirror production. The design units peculiar to the schools make clear the differeces between regions and the special features of the time, thereby clearly showing the dynamism of mirror production.