<論説>荷前別貢幣の成立 : 平安初期律令天皇制の考察

Abstract

荷前別貢幣は、毎年一二月に当代の天皇と関係の深い陵墓へ奉幣を行なう祭祀であり、天皇の出御のもと公卿と侍従・次侍従が使となることに特徴がある。荷前使発遣儀の検討からは、天皇親祭の意味合いが強い祭祀に公卿が侍従的要素を持って奉仕したことが窺える。山陵へ派遣された公卿は、自らの情報収集と判断で行動し、また次官以下に饗饌・禄を支給しており、主催者側の立場として山陵での儀式を行なった。こうした特徴を踏まえて荷前別貢幣の成立時期を考えるならば、弘仁初年に求めるのが最も適当である。弘仁年間は、祭祀的一体性に特徴のあった律令祭祀から、天皇の個人的側面が強く現れる祭祀が成立していく時期であり、荷前別貢幣の成立は律令天皇制の展開というより大きな視角から考察される必要がある。平安初期の律令天皇制の展開とは、次侍従制の成立・公卿制の確立を背景とした変化であり、ここにおいて天皇は、他のどの権門よりも先に家的行事を運営し得る強大な家的組織を整備し、こうした展開の一つの表れとして荷前別貢幣は成立するのである。

Nosaki bekkohei 荷前別貢幣 was a ritual, held every December, in which one delivered offerings to the mausolea that were closely related to the reigning emperor. It was characterized by the dispatching of kugyo 公卿 and jiju jijiju 侍従・次侍従 who were in the emperor's attendance. Through the examination of the ceremony of dispatching, it became clear that in the ritual, in which the emperor's act took precedence, the kugyo 公卿 also served as a jiju 侍従. The kugyo 公卿, dispatched to the mausolea, carried out the ceremony in accordance with the information he had gathered by himself and on his own judgment. He also gave a dinner or roku 禄 to other members in his party, and therefore the kugyo 公卿 was in the sponsor's position. From this point of View, the time of the institution of nosaki bekkohei 荷前別貢幣 was probably early in the konin 弘仁 Era (810-824). The Konin 弘仁 Era was a period, in which a ritual reflecting emperor's strong individual side came into existence from a rituryo 律令 ritual which was characterized by the uniformity of its performance. Connecting the institution of nosaki bekkohei 荷前別貢幣 with the development of the rituryo emperor's system 律令天皇制 is important. At the beginning of the Heian 平安 Period, the rituryo emperor's system 律令天皇制 developed against the background of the establishment of the jijiju system 次侍従制 and kugyo system 公卿制, and at this time the emperor maintained a strong and large organization which could make the performance of familial ceremonies possible, earlier than any other powerful family, kenmon 権門. By doing this, nosaki bekkohei 荷前別貢幣 was established.