<論説>末期ビザンツにおける総主教と皇帝 : アトス山の管轄権移行をめぐって

Abstract

ギリシア北東部カルキディケ半島の北端に位置し、正教修道制の一大中心地として現在においても名高いアトス山は、長らくビザンツ皇帝に直属し、その保護の下で独自の地位を築いていたが、一三一二年、突如として教会ヒエラルヒーからの独立特権を解除され、コンスタンティノープル総主教の管轄下に移行された。これまでの研究では、この出来事は修道制の影響力増大という末期ビザンツにおける国制的特徴を示す画期的な事件として理解されてきた。本稿においては、パライオロゴス朝成立以降におけるアトス山の政治的位相の変化と一三一二年の管轄権移行に至る具体的過程を跡付け、当時の政治的コンテクストの中でそれが有した意義を実証的に検討することを試みた。この考察の結果、移行措置は、アトス山において発生した内紛が発端となったこと、教会の集権化を目指した総主教と、不穏な教会情勢の回復を帝位の安定に直結させようとした皇帝、両者の異なる教会政策の接点として実現したことが明らかになった。

Mt. Athos, locate in the northernmost projection of the Chalkidike peninsula in northeast Greece, has been the most important center of Eastern Orthodox monasticism and has been called the Holy Mountain since the tenth century. In the tenth and eleventh centuries Athos attracted considerable imperial attention and was put directly under the jurisdiction of the emperor as a privilege. In November 1312, however, the emperor Andronikos II dissolved the privilege, which had set Athos free from episcopal control, and decreed that the monasteries of Athos should come under the direct authority of the patriarch of Constantionople. This transfer of the jurisdiction of Athos from the emperor to the patriarch has been considered by scholars like G. Ostrogorsky and D. M. Nicol as the epochal event reflecting the rise of influence of Byzantine monasticism upon the emperor. Their explanation, though, lacks concrete analysis which is necessary to adequately grasp the political context in late Byzantium. After examining the change of political phase of Athos after the stormy debate concerning the Church Union of Lyons (1274), the process by which Athos was set under the church, and the significance of the transfer in the church policies of both the patriarch and emperor, the paper concludes that the transfer was realized as a connecting point between the policies of patriarch Athanasios, who tried to strengthen the weakened authority of the patriarch and reform various abuses in the church, and that of emperor Andronikos, who tried to save a difficult situation in the church by employing the proper patriarchs as his political instruments.