<論説>室町幕府の「御料所」納銭方支配

Abstract

室町幕府の納銭方は、納銭(酒屋・土倉等諸商売役銭) の徴収・収納を行う幕府機関、あるいはその請負機関とされてきたが、「御料所」と表現される場合は、納銭そのものないしはその賦課対象としての酒屋・土倉を指していたと考えられる。 幕府は当初、山徒の有力土倉からなる既存の組織を「土倉方一衆」として納銭徴収に利用していたが、嘉吉の土一揆以降納銭収入が減少すると、政所奉行人による直接把握とし、さらにその後は数名の「納銭衆」(納銭方一衆) を個別に補任して、彼等にのみ納銭徴収権とそれに伴う得分権を認めることとした。以後それは特権的な地位となり、幕府はそれを改替することによって減少しつつある納銭収入の維持につとめたのであった。 月々の納銭は将軍家の日常的経費や政所年中行事要脚にあてられ、将軍家の衣食にあてる直轄所領とともに、将軍家・政所の日常的運営に不可欠な経費を支える財源であったからこそ、納銭方も「御料所」と認識された。そして「幕府―守護体制」が変質する十五世紀半ば以降、臨時課役の賦課など、直轄財源としての納銭方支配も強化されるのである。

The Nassenkata 納銭方 of the Muromachi Bakufu designates the system where the Bakufu or its component organizations collected business taxes Nassen 納銭 (Nassen is the business tax on pawn brokers Doso 土倉, sake brewers Sakaya 酒屋 and other financiers throughout the capital). However further investigation reveals that Nassen designates either a tax on pawn brokers and sake brewers, or these entities themselves. In the beginning, the duty of collecting Nassen was entrusted to an existing organization of Doso. It was called 'Dosokata-lssyu 土倉方一衆' and composed of about twelve influential Doso. But after the decrease of Nassen income under the influence of the Rural League Uprising in the Kakitsu period, Nassen was collected directly by the staff of the Mandokoro 政所 in the Bakufu. Then, only some Doso or Sakaya were permitted to collect Nassen for profit. I want to call them 'Nassensyu 納銭衆' to distinguish them from from Dosokata-issyu. After that, being a Nassensyu became a privileged position for Doso and Sakaya, and the leaders of the Bakufu often changed Nassensyu to keep the Nassen income as high as possible. Monthly Nassen income was spent on daily necessities or annual events for the Shogun family. The domains under the direct control of the Bakufu were called Goryosyo 御料所. Their income also was mainly spent on food and clothing for the Shogun family. Additionally Nassenkata was an indispensable source of income for daily management of the Shogun family and the Mandokoro and so, Nassenkata was also called 'Goryosyo'. In the middle of the 15th century, the 'Muromachi Bakufu-Military Governors's System 室町幕府--守護体制' began changing its form. Extra taxes were laid on Doso and Sakaya and the importance of Nassenkata rose, especially after the war in the Ohnin-Bunmei period.